Proclamation for increase of army by 150,000-Christians and others to serve.. .26 Nov. 1877 Reported intrigues at Constantinople by peace and war parties.... .Nov. The sultan issues a rather vague proclamation of amnesty to Bulgaria.. ...about 27 Nov. Surrender of Plevna, 10 Dec.; circular note to the great powers requesting mediation. ..12 Dec. Parliament opened; the sultan's speech censures the war, and praises his generals and soldiers..... 13 Dec. The ministry, censured, resigns; still holds office; Suleiman dismissed; crisis at Constantinople......5-7 Jan. 1878 Hamdi Pacha, grand-vizier.... 11 Jan. New ministry under Ahmed Nefik; grand-viziership abolished... ...4, 5 Feb. British fleet enter the Dardanelles without permission The parliament dissolved by the sultan. 66 Note of Savas Pacha to the powers acknowledging cor ruptions in judicial affairs and promising efficient ro forms (in Times).. .30 Jan. 1880 Col. and Mrs. Synge (distributors of relief to Mussulmans) captured by Greek brigands, near Salonica, about 19 Feb.; released for 10,000Z... ..about 24 March, Mr. Göschen sent as temporary ambassador; arrives at Constantinople.. .28 May, New ministry under Kadri Pacha. ...about 8 June, Identic note from European powers, 11 June; given in 12 June, Osman Pacha, war-minister, dismissed....about 10 July, Naval demonstration by the European powers at Dulcigno, suggested by earl Granville.. ..July, Collective note of the Berlin conference presented, 13 Feb. .14 Feb. 15 July, Madame Skobeleff, mother of the Russian general, robbed and murdered near Philippopolis by Ouzalis, a Russian. .18 July. Midhat Pacha, governor of Syria, and Hamed Pacha of Smyrna exchange offices.. Aug. Collective note from the powers urging cession of Dulcigno, etc., to Montenegro, and proposing to aid the prince in taking possession.. .3 Aug. 66 The ministry modified under Said Pacha, premier, 24 March, Grand-duke Nicholas and the sultan exchange visits at ..26 March, Constantinople... Ahmed Nefik replaced by Sadyk as prime minister, about 18 April, Insurrection near Rhodope, in Roumelia, against Russians, going on (see Rhodope).. April, Insurrection (said doubtfully to be in favor of the exsultan Murad) in Constantinople, suppressed; Ali Suavi, a softa and fanatical reformer, with others, killed ..20 May, Public offices, etc., at Constantinople destroyed by fire; attributed to incendiaries.. .22 May, Office of grand-vizier revived for Mehemet Ruchdi, May; soon replaced by Safvet.. 29 May, Secret agreement between the marquess of Salisbury and count Schouvaloff, Russian ambassador.. .30 May, Secret British convention with Turkey (defensive alliance); if, by the treaty of Berlin, Russia acquires Kars, Ardahan, or Batoum, Great Britain is to join the sultan in arms in defending his dominions, he engaging to reform his government; Cyprus to be held by Great Britain till Russia returns its acquisitions ..4 June, Cyprus ceded to Great Britain.. ..3 July, Berlin conference meets, 13 June; treaty signed (see Berlin).. 13 July, A conspiracy against the sultan suppressed, early in Jan. 1881 Circular from Turkey proposing conference at Constantinople, etc... .about 15 Jan. Notes from the powers presented. ..21 Feb. 66 about 10 July, 66 Conference at Constantinople; agreement between Turkey and the powers; proposals referred to Athens, 30 March, Mr. Henry Suter, engaged in mines, seized by brigands at Cassandra, in Salonica... ..about 8 April, Rebellion in Albania (which see) suppressed.. .May, Midhat Pacha's palace surrounded by soldiers; he escapes and appeals to the powers. .17 May, The sultan protests against French invasion of Tunis (which see)..... May, Midhat surrenders, claiming a fair trial...about 17 May, Turkey protests against the Tunis treaty of 12 May.. May, Mr. Suter's release for 15,000l. ransom announced, 23 May, Convention between Turkey and Greece arranged at Constantinople, settling frontiers; Thessaly ceded by Turkey. 24 May, Mr. Göschen leaves Constantinople; his mission successful; succeeded by lord Dufferin, 26 May, who arrives at Constantinople...... 15 June, Trial of Midhat Pacha and others for murder of the late sultan Abdul-Aziz; convicted; Mustapha Fahri Bey and Hadji Mehmed actual assassins; others, Mahmoud and Nouzi Pachas, the sultan's brothers-in-law, Midhat Pacha, and others, accomplices.. .......27, 28 June, Sentence, death to all, except two subordinates to imprisonment.. .29 June, The Turks said to be grossly ill-treated in Bulgaria, and other surrendered places. .Aug. Safvet Pacha's circular to foreign powers refusing to recognize Greek proposal for annexation of Candia, ..8 Aug. Thessaly, etc... Murder of Mehemet Ali Pacha at Ipek, near Scutari, by Albanian rioters. .6 Sept. .about 10 Sept. Albanian leader with 40,000 men said to be ruling from Janina to Montenegro... Alleged conspiracies on behalf of the ex-sultan Murad; instigated by the ulemas. Insurrectionary movements in Macedonia Midhat Pacha appointed governor-general of Syria to inaugurate reforms.. , about 11 Nov. Suleiman Pacha sentenced to degradation and imprisonment, 2 Dec.; absolved the sultan... New ministry; Kheredine Pacha (grand-vizier), Caratheodori, and others.. Macedonian insurrection ended.. .4 Dec. 4 Dec. 66 .3 Jan. 1879 Turco-Greek convention ceding Thessaly to Greece, signed at Constantinople.... ..2 July, The trial of Midhat and others said to be a mockery; pardon expected.. ...July, (See Candia, Egypt, Greece, Montenegro, and Servia.) 1403. Solyman, son; dethroned by his brother. 66 1512. Selim I., son. Baker Pacha appointed inspector-general of gendarmerie in Asia Minor.. .announced 18 Nov. Great financial depression.. .. Nov., Dec. Official relations with Great Britain temporarily sus pended on account of the imprisonment of Dr. Köller, a German missionary, and Ahmed Tewfik, who assisted him in translations. .31 Dec. Successful intervention of sir A. H. Layard....1-10 Jan. 1880 1566. Selim II., son. 1574. Amurath III., son; killed his five brothers; their moth er, in grief, stabbed herself. 1595. Mahomet III., son; strangled all his brothers, and drowned his father's wives. 1603. Ahmed (or Achmet) I., son. 1617. Mustapha I., brother; deposed by the Janissaries, and imprisoned. 1618. Osman II., nephew; strangled by Janissaries. Turret Ships, see Navy of England. Tuscan Order OF ARCHITECTURE, a debased Doric, used in Tuscany for buildings in which strength 1622. Mustapha I. again; again deposed, sent to the Seven is chiefly required.- Wotton. Towers, and strangled. 1623. Amurath IV., brother of Osman II. 1640. Ibrahim, brother; strangled by the Janissaries. 1648. Mahomet IV., son; deposed by 1687. Solyman II. or III., brother. 1691. Ahmed (or Achmet) II., son of Ibrahim, nephew. 1695. Mustapha II., eldest son of Mahomet IV.; deposed. 1703. Ahmed (or Achmet) III., brother; deposed, and died in prison in 1736. 1730. Mahmud I. (or Mahomet V.), son of Mustapha II. 1754. Osman III., brother. 1757. Mustapha III., brother. 1774. Abdul-Ahmed, or Hamid I. (or Achmet IV.), brother. 1789. Selim III., son of Mustapha III.; deposed by the Janis saries. 1807. Mustapha IV., son of Abdul-Ahmed; deposed, and, with the late sultan Selim, murdered. 1808. Mahmud II., or Mahomet VI., brother. 1839. Abdul Medjid (son), 2 July (born 23 April, 1823); died 25 June, 1861. 1861. Abdul-Aziz, brother, born 9 Feb. 1830; deposed 29 May; Abdul Hamid II., brother, 31 Aug.; born 22 Sept. 1842. Turkey Trade, commenced in the year 1550. The Turkey or Levant Company of London was instituted by charter of Elizabeth in 1579. Turkeys AND Guinea Fowls, first brought to England about 1523, and to France in 1570. Turkeys are natives of America, and were consequently unknown to the ancients. Türkheim (E. France). Here the elector of Brandenburg and the imperialists were defeated by the French under Turenne, 5 Jan. 1675. Turkish Baths, see Baths. Turkish Compassionate Fund, instituted by the Daily Telegraph, and supported by lady Burdett Coutts, the archbishop of Canterbury, and others, to relieve sufferers by the war, Aug. 1877. Turkomans, see White Sheep. Turner's Act, 13 & 14 Vict. c. 35 (1850), relates to the court of chancery. Turner's Legacies. Joseph M. W. Turner, a great landscape-painter, was born in April, 1775, and died 19 Dec. 1851. He bequeathed to the nation all the pictures and drawings collected by him and deposited at his residence, 47 Queen Anne street, on condition that a suitable gallery should be erected for them within ten years; and directed his funded property to be expended in founding an asylum at Twickenham for decayed artists. The will was disputed by his relatives, but a compromise was made. The oil paintings (100 in number) and the drawings (1400) were obtained by the nation, and the engravings and some other property were transferred to the next of kin. The drawings were cleaned and mounted under the careful superintendence of Mr. Ruskin, and the pictures were sent to Marlborough House for exhibition. In 1861, many of the pictures were removed from the South Kensington Museum to the National Gallery, others in 1869. The sketches, plates, etc., of Turner's "Liber Studiorum" were sold for about 20,000/., 28 March, 1873. Turning, see Luthe. In our dock-yards, blocks and other materials for our ships of war are now produced by an almost instantaneous process, from rough pieces of oak, by the machinery of Mr. (afterwards sir Mark Isambard) Brunel (died 1849); see Blocks. Turnpikes, see Tolls. Tuscany, formerly a grand-duchy in central Italy, the northern part of the ancient Etruria (which see). It formed part of the Lombard kingdom, after the conquest of which by Charlemagne, 774, it was made a marquisate for Boniface about 828. His descendant, the great countess Matilda, bequeathed the southern part of her domains to the pope (1115). In the northern part (then called Tuscia), the cities Florence, Pisa, Sienna, Lucca, etc., gradually became flourishing republics. Florence became the chief under the government of the Medici family; see Florence. The duchy in that family began in 1531, and the grand-duchy in 1569. After the extinction of the Medicis in 1737, Tuscany was given by the treaty of Vienna (1738) to Francis, duke of Lorraine (married to Maria Theresa of Austria in 1736), who had ceded his hereditary estates to France. Population in 1860, 1,826,830. They are released after the intervention of the British The king assumes the command of the army, but de- The Sardinian commissary Buoncompagni invested with The grand-duke Leopold II. abdicates in favor of his son Ferdinand... annexation to Sardinia.... Tuscan constituent assembly meets.. It declares against the house of Lorraine, and votes for ..... Sept. Prince Eugene of Savoy Carignan elected governor-general of central Italy; he declines, but recommends Buoncompagni, Nov, who is accepted by the Tuscans, 8 Dec. Annexation to Sardinia voted by universal suffrage, 11, 12 March; decreed 22 March, 1860 .26 March, Prince Eugene appointed governor... Florence made the capital of Italy, by decree published KINGS OF ETRURIA. Turpentine-tree (Pistacia terebinthus) came from 1801. Louis I., duke of Parma. Barbary, before 1656. Spirits of turpentine were first 1803. Louis II. GRAND-DUCHESS. applied with success to the rot in sheep, one third of the 1808-14. Eliza Bonaparte (married to Bacciocchi, made prince spirit diluted with two thirds water, 1772. of Lucca). Son, Leopold Ferdinand, born 2 Dec, 1868. Tusculum (now Frascati), a city of Latium (S. Italy). The Tusculans supported Tarquinius Superbus against the Romans, by whom they were totally defeated, The Tusculans, on account of their friendship with Rome, suffered much from the other Latins, who took their city, 374, but were severely chastised for it. Here Cicero during his retirement wrote his "Tusculana Disputationes," about 46 B.C. 497 B.C. Twelfth-day, the feast of the Epiphany, or manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles, 6 Jan.; see Epiphany. Twelve Tables, see Decemvirs. Twins, joined together, have been born frequently, but seldom lived long. Helen-Judith, joined Hungarian twins, were born in 1715, and died in 1723. MillieChristine, negro twins, born in North Carolina in 1851, were wholly distinct in the upper part of the body, but one in the lower part of the spinal column and pelvis; the four legs obeying nerves from a common centre. They sang and danced well, and were named the "Twoheaded Nightingale." The will, understanding, and conscience were distinct; see Siamese Twins. Twin-ship, see under Steam. "Twopenny Trash," a term given to W. Cobbett's Weekly Political Register, after 2 Nov. 1816, when he reduced the price from 124d. to 2d.; the sale greatly increased. Tyburn (W. London), at the west end of Oxford road (now street), the chief place in London for the execution of malefactors till 1783. Pennant (who died 1798) remembered Oxford street as "a deep, hollow road, and full of sloughs, with here and there a ragged house, the lurking-place of cutthroats." In conformity with an act passed in 1697 a so-called "Tyburn ticket" was given to the prosecutor of a criminal executed at Tyburn. The ticket gave exemption from serving on juries and parochial offices. The act was repealed in 1818. Type-composing Machine. The best-known chine is that invented by Timothy Alden, of Yarmouth, and most perfect type-composing and distributing maMass.; born 1819, died 1858. It was first patented in 1856. This machine was imperfect, and was afterwards much improved by Henry W. Alden, cousin of the inventor. He was assisted in this work by William Mackay. The machine, thus improved, was worked in the Tribune office during the years 1855-60. The necessity of a "distributor" that would not require the type to be classified had long been felt, and during the trial at the Tribune office, John T. Slinger, a practical scientific machinist, discovered a method by which it could be effected. He also remedied several minor defects, which rendered the machine practical and useful. See under Printing, 1842-72. Type-founding, see under Printing, 1452, 1720. exhibition of 1855 a writing-machine for the blind; and Type-writers. M. Foucault sent to the Paris several were invented by Wheatstone. After successive improvements, Messrs. Remington, in America, in 1873, contracted to construct 25,000. The speed is said to have been raised to seventy-five words a minute. The action of the type-writer somewhat resembles that of a pianoforte. Pressure upon a key marked with a letter raises a hammer with a type-cut letter, which presses upon paper; provision is made for inking the type, shifting, etc. Tyrant. In early Greek history, the term was applied to any man who governed with irresponsible power. Solon objected to the term, and chose the name Archōn (ruler), 594 B.C. The earliest tyrants were those at Sicyon, beginning with Cleisthenes, in the seventh century B.C. Tyranny declined in Greece about 490 B.C., and revived after the close of the Peloponnesian war, 404 B.C.; see Thirty Tyrants. Tyre (Phoenicia), a great city, said to have been first built by Agenor. Another city was built 1257 (about 2267, Hales) B.C. It was besieged by the Assyrians, who retired from before it, after a siege of upwards of five years, 713 B.C. Taken by Nebuchadnezzar, 572 B.C., and the city demolished, when the Tyrians removed to an opposite island, and built a new and magnificent city. It was taken by Alexander with much difficulty, after island to the continent by a mole.-Strabo. Tyre was a siege of seven months, July, 332 B.C. He joined the captured by the Crusaders, 7 July, 1124; by the French, 3 April, 1799; and by the allied fleet, during the war against Mehemet Ali, 1841. Tyre, ERA OF, began on 19 Oct. 125 B.C., with the month of Hyperberetæus. The months were the same as those used in the Grecian era, and the year is similar to the Julian year. To reduce this era to ours, subtract 124; and if the given year be less than 125, deduct it from 125, and the remainder will be the year before Christ. "Tyburnia" (a N. W. suburb of London) was built between 1839 and 1850, on the green fields and nursery grounds in Paddington belonging to the see of London. Tyler's Insurrection, in opposition to the polltax imposed on all persons above 15, 5 Nov. 1380. One of the collectors, acting with indecent rudeness to Wat Tyler's daughter, was struck dead by the father, June, 1381. His neighbors took arms, and in a short time almost the whole of the population of the southern and eastern counties rose, extorting freedom from their lords, and plundering. On 12 June, 1381, they gathered upon Blackheath to the number of 100,000 men, and on 14 June murdered Simon of Sudbury, archbishop of Canterbury, and sir Robert Hales, the royal treasurer. The king, Richard II., invited Tyler to a parley, which took place on the 15th at Smithfield, where the latter addressed the king in a menacing manner, now and again lifting up his sword. On this the mayor, Walworth, stunned Tyler with a blow of his mace, and one of the king's knights despatched him. Richard temporized with the multitude by promising a charter, and thus led them out of the city, when sir R. Knollys and a band of knights attacked and dispersed them with great slaughter. The insurrection in Norfolk and Suffolk was subdued by the bishop of Norwich, and 1500 of the rebels were executed. Tynemouth (Northumberland). Here are remains of a monastery built by king Edwin, 625; destroyed by the Danes; rebuilt by king Egfrid, 671-85; often ravaged by Danes, 795-993; refounded and made a castle, by Robert de Mowbray, 1090; plundered by Scots, 1316 and 1389; fortified for Charles I., 1642; taken by Scots, 1644; finally ruined, 1665; and made a depot, 1783. The chapel has been restored. Tynemouth was made a borough, returning one member to parliament, 1832. An Tyrrheni included the ancient Etruscans, and other aquarium, winter-garden, etc., was opened 27 Aug. 1878. | tribes, said to have come from Lydia, Asia Minor. Tyrol, the eastern part of ancient Rhætia, now a province of the Austrian empire, was ceded to the house of Hapsburg in 1359 by Margaret, the heiress of the last count. It became an appanage of the younger (or Tyrol) branch of the imperial house, which came to the throne in the person of Maximilian II., in 1618. The French conquered the Tyrol in 1805, and united it to Bavaria; but in 1809 an insurrection broke out, headed by Andrew Hofer, an innkeeper, who drove the Bavarians out of the Tyrol, thoroughly defeated some French detachments, but laid down his arms at the treaty of Vienna. He was subsequently accused of corresponding with the Austrians, captured and sent to Mantua, and there shot by trian emperor ennobled his family in 1819, and erected order of the French government, 20 Feb. 1810. The Aushis statue in Innspruck in 1834. The Tyrolese riflemen were very effective in the Italian war in 1859. Tyrone (near Ulster, N. Ireland), formerly the territories of the O'Neills, and the seat of the insurrection in 1641. U. Ubiquitarians or UBIQUARIANS, a small German | sect, originated by John Brentius about 1560, who asserted that the body of Christ was present everywhere (ubique). Uhlans, the German lancers, very effective in the war in 1870. Ukraine (Polish for a frontier), a vast fertile plain in Russia, ceded to the Cossacks by Poland in 1672, and obtained by Russia in 1682. The country was divided, Poland having the west side of the Dnieper, and Russia the east. The whole country was assigned to Russia by the treaty of partition in 1795. Ulm, in Würtemberg, S. Germany, where a PEACE was signed, 3 July, 1620, by which Frederick V. lost Bohemia (having been driven from it previously). Ulm was taken by the French in 1796. After a battle between the French and Austrians, in which the latter, under gen. Mack, were defeated with dreadful loss by marshal Ney, Ulm surrendered with 28,000 men, the flower of the Austrian army, 17-20 Oct. 1805. Ulphilas's Bible, see under Bible. Ulster, the N. division of Ireland. After the death of Strongbow, 1176, John de Courcy was made earl of Ulster; Hugh de Lacy was earl, 1243; and Walter de Burgh, 1264; whose descendant, Elizabeth, married Lionel, son of Edward III., 1352. He thus became earl of Ulster. In 1611, the British colonization of the forfeited lands (termed the Ulster settlements or plantations) began, much land being granted to the corporation of London; see Irish Society. The consequent rebellion of the Irish chieftains, Roger More, Phelim O'Neale, McGuire, earl of Inniskillen, and others, broke out on 23 Oct. 1641 (see Ireland).—Ulster King-at-Arms appointed for Ireland, 1553.-By the ancient "Ulster tenant-right," the outgoing tenant of a farm received from his successor a sum of money for the privilege of occupancy. A modified form of this right was adopted in the Irish land act, passed 8 July, 1870. Ultramontanists (from ultra montes, beyond the mountains), a term originally applied in France to those who upheld the extreme authority of the pope in opposition to the freedom of the Gallican church, which had been secured by various bulls, and especially by the concordat of 15 July, 1801. Ultramontanists now are those who maintain the official infallibility of the bishop of Rome. John Macdonald, a footman, who wrote his own life, informs us that he had "a fine silk umbrella, which he brought from Spain; but he could not with any comfort to himself use it, the people calling out, Frenchman! why don't you get a coach?" The hackney - coachmen and chairmen were clamorous against their rival. The footman says he "per sisted for three months, till they took no further notice of this novelty. Foreigners began to use theirs; and then the English." 1778. "Uncle Tom's Cabin," a story by Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe, published in portions in a newspaper in 1850; complete in March, 1852; setting forth the evils of negro slavery. The sale was enormous, and the translations numerous, and it greatly contributed to emancipation. The rev. Josiah Henson, sometimes improperly called the original "Uncle Tom," was received by the queen at Buckingham palace, 2 March, 1877, and was much benefited by his visit to Britain. Unction, EXTREME, see Anointing. Undulatory Theory oF LIGHT supposes a progressive wave-like motion between the eye and the luminous body seen. It is said to have been suggested by Francisco Grimaldi about 1665, and was propounded by Robert Hooke and Huyghens, about 1672; opposed by Newton; but confirmed by Thomas Young by experiments in 1801, and is now generally adopted; see Emission and Light. Uniformity Acts. That of 2 and 3 Edward VI., 15 Jan. 1549, ordained that the order of divine worship drawn up by Cranmer and others, "with the aid of the Holy Ghost," should be the only one used after 20 May. The penalties for refusing to use it were fine and imprisonment. This act was confirmed in 1552; repealed by Mary, 1554; and re-enacted by Elizabeth in 1559. The act of Uniformity, 14 Charles II. c. 4, was passed in 1662. It enjoined uniformity in matters of religion, and obliged all clergy to subscribe to the thirty-nine articles, and use the same form of worship, and the same book of common prayer. Its enforcement on 24 Aug. 1662, termed Black Bartholomew's day, caused, it is said, upwards of 2000 ministers to quit the church of England. This day was commemorated by dissenters in 1862. The Act of Uniformity Amendment act, whereby shortened services were authorized, and other changes made, was passed 18 July, 1872. The Uniformity of Process act, which made many law changes, was passed 23 May, 1832. Uniforms. Military uniforms were first used in France" in a regular manner" by Louis XIV. about 1668. In England the uniform was soon afterwards adopted in the military service, but with little analogy to the modern dress; see under Navy. Unigenitus, see Bull. Ulundi (Zululand, South Africa). On 4 July, 1879, the Zulus, commanded by their king, Cetywayo, who had refused the conditions of peace, were totally defeated near here by lord Chelmsford, after a severe conflict. Capt. Wyatt-Edgell, 17 lancers, and 9 men were killed, Uninflammable Salts. At the British Associaand about 53 wounded. The British were attacked in tion, 15 Sept. 1859, MM. Versmann and Oppenheim anthe open country by the Zulus, who enveloped our hol-nounced their discovery that fabrics steeped in solutions low square and charged on all sides up to within 60 yards, of tungstate of soda, or sulphate or phosphate of ammowhen they broke and fled under the heavy fire. They nia, burn without flame. were pursued and routed by cavalry. About 23,000 Zulus engaged, 1500 killed. The British showed much firmness and the Zulus displayed great courage. The royal kraal at Ulundi and other military kraals were burned. Umbrella, described in early dictionaries as "a portable penthouse to carry in a person's hand to screen him from violent rain or heat." Umbrellas appear in the carvings at Persepolis. Niebuhr saw a great Arabian prince returning from a mosque, he and each of his family having a large umbrella carried by their side. Old Chinaware shows the Chinese shaded by umbrellas. It is said that the first person who generally used an umbrella in the streets of London was the benevolent Jonas Hanway, who died in 1786. Union Chapel, Islington, rebuilt; opened 5 Dec. 1877; was termed a "congregational cathedral." Rev. Dr. H. Allon, minister, 1852. Union Chargeability Act, providing for the better distribution of the charge for relieving the poor One object of the in unions, was passed in June, 1865. act is the improvement of the dwellings of agricultural laborers. Union Jack. The original flag of England was the banner of St. George, i. e., white with a red cross, which, 12 April, 1606 (three years after James I. ascended the throne), was incorporated with the banner of Scotland, i. e., blue with a white diagonal cross. This combination obtained the name of " Union Jack," in al lusion to the union with Scotland; and the word Jack is considered a corruption of the word Jacobus, Jacques, or James. This arrangement continued until the union with Ireland, 1 Jan. 1801, when the banner of St. Patrick, i. e., white with a diagonal red cross, was amalgamated with it, and forms the present Union flag. Union of Calmar, 1397; oF UTRECHT, 1579. Union of England and Scotland by the accession of James VI. of Scotland as James I. of England, 24 March, 1603. The legislative union of the two kingdoms (as Great Britain) was attempted, but failed in 1604 and 1670; in the reign of Anne, commissioners were appointed, the articles discussed, and, notwithstanding a great opposition made by the Tories, every article in the union was approved by a great majority, first in the house of commons, and afterwards by the peers, 22 July, 1706; was ratified by the Scottish parliament, 16 Jan. 1707, and became law 1 May, same year. rian about 1730. They were not included in the Toler- United Brethren, see Moravians. United Irishmen, a political society which met secretly, to establish a republic, became active in 1795. Theobald Wolf Tone, the founder, was captured by sir John Warren in the Hoche, one of six frigates destined to support the rebellion, in Oct. 1798. He anticipated his punishment by suicide in prison, Nov. 1798. United Kingdom. England and Wales were Union of Great Britain and Ireland effected united in 1283; Scotland to both in 1707; and the Brit2 July, 1800. 22 Jan. 1799 Rejected by the commons of Ireland, the votes being 105 for, to 106 against, the union. .24 Jan. The English house of commons on the same question divided: 140, 141, and 149 for union; against it, 15, 25, and 28 respectively. Lord Castlereagh detailed his plan of the union, in the 66 ish realm was named the United Kingdom on the union of Ireland, 1 Jan. 1801; see Union.-The UNITED KINGDOM ALLIANCE, for the total suppression of liquor traffic, was founded 1 June, 1853; see Permissive Bill. The subscribed manifesto of this alliance occupied a page of the Times, 11 Dec. 1871. United Kingdom Beneficent Association, founded 1863, grants annuities to poor persons of a better class. United Presbyterian Church, in Scotland, was formed 13 May, 1847; see Burghers and Relief Church. United Provinces (Holland, Zealand, Utrecht, Friesland, Groningen, Overyssell, and Guelderland), the deputies of which met at Utrecht, 23 Jan. 1759, and signed a treaty for their mutual defence; see Holland. United Service Institution, Whitehall, Lon(For attempts to dissolve this union, see Repeal.) don, was established in 1830. Its museum contains Union Relief Act, passed in 1862, continued in many remarkable military and naval relics. The lect1863, to enable boards of guardians of certain unions to ures given are reported in its journal, which first apobtain temporary aid to meet the extraordinary expendi-peared in 1857. The United Service Gazette first pubture for relief occasioned by the distress in the cotton lished 9 Feb. 1833. manufacturing districts. United States of America were so styled by the Union Repeal Association, IRELAND, see Re- congress of the revolted British provinces, 4 July, 1776. peal of the Union. Their flag was declared to be thirteen stripes, alternately red and white, and thirteen stars in a blue field, corresponding with the then number of states of the Union, 14 June, 1777. The government of the United States is a representative democracy. Each of the states has a separate and independent legislature for the administration of its local affairs, but all are legislated for, in mat Unionists. A Spanish political party, long headed by marshal Serrano. In 1869 they advocated the election of the duc de Montpensier as king; see Progresistas and Spain. Unions, see Poor and Trades. Unit, a gold coin, value 20s., issued by James I. in ters of imperial policy, by two houses of congress: the 1604. Unitarians, termed Socinians from Lælius Socinus, who founded a sect in Italy about 1546. They profess to believe in and worship one only self-existent God, in opposition to those who worship the Trinity in unity. They consider Christ to have been a mere man, and do not admit the need of an atonement or of the complete inspiration of the Scriptures. Michael Servetus printed a tract in disparagement of the doctrine of the Trinity. In 1553, proceeding to Naples through Geneva, Calvin induced the magistrates to arrest him on a charge of blasphemy and heresy. Servetus, refusing to retract his opinions, was condemned to the flames, which sentence was carried into execution, 27 May, 1553. Servetus is numbered among those anatomists who made the nearest approach to the doctrine of the circulation of the blood, before Harvey established that doctrine. Matthew Hamont was burned at Norwich for asserting Christ not to be the Son of God, 1 June, 1579. The Unitarians were numerous in Transylvania in the seventeenth century; they came to England about 1700, and many of the original English Presbyterian churches became Unita senate, whose members are elected for six years, and the house of representatives, elected for two years, to which delegates are sent from the different states. Representation in the senate is by states, without regard to population; in the house of representatives the representation is in proportion to population. The president of the United States is elected every fourth year by electors chosen by the free voice of the people, each state being entitled to as many electoral votes as it has senators and representatives in congress. The election of Abraham Lincoln as president on 4 Nov. 1860 was followed by the secession of eleven slave-holding states, and led to the great civil war, 1861-5; see Confederates, and below. The thirteen states of the Union at the declaration of inde pendence in 1776; those with a prefixed seceded from the federal government in 1860 and 1861, and were subdued in 1865. New Hampshire. Massachusetts. Rhode Island. Connecticut. POPULATION. (See Slavery in America.) 1830 896,849 5,309,756 | 1840. .1,191,364 7,239,903 | 1850. Slaves. Total. |