1156 8994 banks amounted to 4,138,618.; the amount in circula10,396 tion by private banks, same year, was 6,973,6137.-the 915 976 total amount exceeding eleven millions.* In Ireland 967 similar banks have been instituted, the first being the 1034 Hibernian Bank, in 1825. The note-circulation of jointstock banks, on 1 Oct. 1855, was, in England, 3,990,8007.; 453 in Scotland, 4,280,000l.; and in Ireland, 6,785,000l.; total, 73 with English private banks, about 19,000,0007.; and with the Bank of England, above 39,000,000l. By the new Companies Act, passed 15 Aug. 1879, unlimited companies may register as limited. 2014 445 113 1826 In the United States, both the general and state governments have power to pass bankrupt laws, but the constitution specially empowers Congress to make uniform laws upon this subject. The power has been exercised three times-1st, in the act of 4 April, 1800, repealed 19 Dec. 1803; 2d, in the act of 19 Aug. 1841, repealed 1843; 3d, by act of 2 March, 1867, repealed by act of 7 July, 1878, which took effect..... .1 Sept. 1878 The first bank Banks IN THE UNITED STATES. in the United States was the Bank of North America, chartered by congress at the instance of Robert Morris in 1780, and by the state of Pennsylvania 1781, with a capital of $400,000. It is still in existence, and has a capital of $1,000,000. The first bank of the United States was incorporated in 1791, but did not go into operation until 1794. It was the suggestion of Hamilton, the secretary of the treasury; its capital was $10,000,000. At that time the whole banking capital of the United States was only $2,000,000, invested in the Bank of North America. The Bank of New York, founded 1784, and the Bank of Massachusetts in Boston, founded the same year. The charter of the United States Bank was limited to twenty years; its headquarters were fixed in the city of Philadelphia, and it was to be governed by twenty directors. A new one was chartered in 1816, for the same term, with a capital of $35,000,000. In it the government funds were kept on deposit. An act of congress in 1832, re-chartering it, was vetoed by president Jackson. He also caused the United States funds to be withdrawn from it in Sept. 1833. This act produced a violent partisan feeling throughout the Union, and strong movements were made to impeach the president. A resolution of censure was passed by the United States senate in March, 1834. It was expunged by order of the senate in Jan. 1837. Efforts were made in 1814 to establish a similar bank under another name. A bill for establishing the Fiscal Bank of the United States passed the house of representatives in Aug. 1841. It was vetoed by president Tyler. Another bill for a "Fiscal Corporation" was vetoed by him on the 9th of Sept. This caused the resignation of all the cabinet, except Daniel Webster, on the 17th of the month. In 1828 the "Safety Fund System" was tried in New York, but in 1838 was given up, and the free banking system introduced, which worked well, and was imitated in many states. The New York Clearing-house was established in Oct. 1853; that in Boston was opened for business 29 March, 1856. The Suffolk Bank system of redemption in Boston began 1825. The "Bank of Mutual Redemption," set up in opposition to the Suffolk Bank, was chartered 1855, but did not go into operation for several years, and never accomplished much. In 1857 there was a general suspension of specie payments throughout the Union, precipitated by the bankruptcy of the Ohio Life and Mutual Insurance Company, but it passed off with comparatively little injury. Specie payments were suspended again soon after the breaking-out of the Civil War, and were resumed 1 Jan. 1879. (See Banks, National, infra.) Banks, JOINT-STOCK. Since the act of 1826, a number of these banks have been established. In 1840, the amount of paper currency issued by joint-stock other banking establishments had been declared insolvent. Every succeeding week continued to add from seventy to a hundred merchants, traders, and manufacturers to the bank rupt list. This was the period of bubble speculation, and of unprecedented commercial embarrassment and ruin. Liquidations now preferred to bankruptcy. British and foreign colonial banks with offices in London. 8 Banks, NATIONAL. The national-bank system of the United States was organized 25 Feb. 1863, to give uniformity to the paper currency and the banking laws of the country. The old banks, authorized by the several states, were induced by certain privileges, or forced by special taxes, to surrender their state charters and accept charters as national banks from the United States government. A subsequent act was adopted and approved 12 June, 1870. By the terms of this law the circulation of the national banks was limited to $354,000,000, which was secured by the deposit of the bonds of the government with the United States treasurer. This limitation was removed by later legislation. On the 1st Oct. 1881, there were 2132 national banks in existence, with an aggregate capital of $463,821,985, and an aggregate circulation of $360,344,250. Banks oF SCOTLAND. The old bank of Scotland was set up in 1695 at Edinburgh, and began 1 Nov., the second institution of the kind in the empire; lending money to the crown was prohibited. Royal Bank of Scotland chartered.. .8 July, 1727 1746 1810 1825 1830 3 June, 1801 1839 ..21 July, 1845 Scotch banking act passed. Western Bank of Scotland and the Glasgow Bank stopped, causing much distress.. .Nov. 1857 *THE ROYAL BRITISH BANK was established in 1849, by Mr. John McGregor, M. P., and others, under sir R. Peel's Jointstock Banking Act, 7 & 8 Vict. c. 113 (1844), as an attempt to introduce the Scotch banking system of cash credits into England. On 3 Sept. 1856, it stopped payment, occasioning much distress and ruin to many small tradesmen and others. In consequence of strong evidence of the existence of fraud in before the court of bankruptcy, the government instructed the management of the bank, elicited during the examination the attorney general to file ex-officio informations against the manager, Mr. H. Innes Cameron, and several of the directors. They were convicted 27 Feb. 1858, after thirteen days' trial, and sentenced to various degrees of imprisonment. Attempts to mitigate the punishment failed (May, 1858); but all were released except Cameron and Esdaile, in July, 1858. In April, 1860, dividends had been paid to the amount of 15s. in the pound. The attorney-general brought in a bill called the Fraudulent Trustees' Act, 20 & 21 Vict. c. 54, to prevent the recurrence of such transactions. On 19 April, 1860, a deficiency of 263,000l. was discovered in the Union Bank of London. Mr. George Pullinger, a cashier, confessed himself guilty of forgery and fraud, and was sentenced to twenty years' imprisonment. On 18 Feb. 1861, it was discovered that John Durden, a clerk of the Commercial Bank of London, had robbed his employers of 67,000l., of which 46.000l. might be recovered. In Dec. 1864, J. W. Terry and Thomas Burch, manager and secretary of the Unity Bank, were committed on a charge of conspiracy for fabricating accounts; but acquitted on their trial. CITY OF GLASGOW BANK (with unlimited liability); founded 1839; identified with Glasgow; held Free Church Bannatyne Club, named after George Bannatyne seventeen were condemned to death, of whom eleven (the publisher), was established in 1823 by sir Walter were executed; the others were sentenced to receive Scott and others, for printing works illustrative of the each 200 lashes. The executions took place on board history, antiquities, and literature of Scotland, of which the Majestic, Centaur, Formidable, Téméraire, and about 113 volumes were issued; dissolved, 1860. L'Achille, 8 to 18 Jan. 1802. Banner Cross Murder, see Trials, 1879. Banneret, KNIGHT, a dignity between baron and knight, anciently conferred by the king under the royal standard on the field of battle. Its origin is of uncertain time; Edmondson dates it 736, but it was probably created by Edward I. John Chandos is said to have been made a banneret by the Black Prince and the king of Castile at Najara, 3 April, 1367. The dignity was conferred on John Smith, who rescued the royal standard at Edgehill fight, 23 Oct. 1642. It fell into disuse, but was revived by George III. for sir William Erskine, in 1764, and for admiral Pye, and capts. Knight, Bickerton, and Vernon, in 1773. Banners were common to all nations. The Jewish tribes had standards or banners-Numb. ii. (1491 B.C.). The standard of Constantine bore the inscription In hoc signo vinces ("By this sign thou shalt conquer"), under the figure of the cross; see Cross. The magical banner of the Danes (said to have been a black raven on a red ground) was taken by Alfred when he defeated Hubba, 878. St. Martin's cap, and afterwards the celebrated auriflamma, or oriflamme, were the standards of France about 1100; see Auriflamma, Standards, etc. Bannockburn (Stirlingshire), the site of two battles: (1) between Robert Bruce of Scotland and Edward II. of England, 24 June, 1314. The army of Bruce consisted of 30,000; that of Edward of 100,000 men, of whom 52,000 were archers. The English crossed a rivulet to the attack, and Bruce having dug and covered pits, they fell into them, and were thrown into confusion. The rout was complete; the English king narrowly escaped, and 50,000 were killed or taken prisoners. At Sauchieburn, near here, James III. was defeated and slain on 11 June, 1488, by his rebellious nobles. (2) Bapaume (N. France), the site of severe indecisive engagements between the French army of the north, uuder Faidherbe, and the Germans, under Manteuffel; the French retreated 2, 3 Jan. 1871. Baptism, the ordinance of admission into the church, practised by all Christian sects except Quakers. John the Baptist baptized Christ, 30 (Matt. iii.). Infant baptism is mentioned by Irenæus about 97. In the reign of Constantine, 319 baptisteries were built, and baptism was performed by dipping the person all over. In the west sprinkling was adopted. Much controversy has arisen since 1831 (particularly in 1849 and 1850), in the church of England, respecting baptismal regeneration, which the Arches Court of Canterbury decided to be a doctrine of the church of England; see Trials, 1849, and note. Demanding fees for baptisms was made unlawful by an act passed 18 July, 1872. Baptists (see Anabaptists). A sect distinguished by their opinions respecting (1) the proper subjects, and (2) the proper mode, of baptism; the former they affirm to be those who are able to make a profession of faith; the latter to be total immersion. There are seven sections of Baptists: Arminian, Calvinistic (or particular), etc. The first Baptist church formed in London was about 1608. They published their confession of faith in 1643; revised in 1689. In 1851 they had 130 chapels in London and 2789 (with sittings for 752,353 persons) in England and Wales. Rhode Island, America, was settled by Baptists in 1635. Particular Baptist Fund. 1717 1810 Mr. C. H. Spurgeon's great Baptist tabernacle, Newington Butts, opened.. .31 March, 1861 A Baptist Pastors' College near it, founded by Mr. Spurgeon.... ..14 Oct. 1873 11 Nov. 1879 A great tabernacle at Shoreditch (rev. Wm. Cuff) opened, 24,794, with 15,401 ministers and 2,133,044 communicants Banns, in the feudal law, were a solemn proclamation of any kind; hence arose the present custom of ask-In the United States, in 1880, the Baptist churches numbered ing banns, or giving notice before marriage; said to have been introduced into the English church about 1200. The proper time of publishing banns in the church was the subject of much discussion in 1867. Banqueting-house, Whitehall, London, built by Inigo Jones, about 1619. Bantam (Java). Here a British factory was established by capt. Lancaster, in 1603. The English and Danes were driven from their factories by the Dutch in 1683. Bantam surrendered to the British in 1811, but was restored to the Dutch at the peace in 1814. Bantingism, see Corpulence. Bantry Bay (S. Ireland), where a French fleet, bringing succor to the adherents of James II., attacked the English under admiral Herbert, 1 May, 1689; the latter retired to form in line and were not pursued. A French squadron of seven sail of the line and two frigates, armed en flûte, and seventeen transports, anchored here for a few days, without effect, Dec. 1796.-MUTINY of the Bantry Bay squadron under admiral Mitchell was in Dec. 1801. In Jan. 1802, twenty-two of the mutineers were tried on board the Gladiator, at Portsmouth, when 1857. Sustentation Fund; stopped for a few days during crisis, Nov. In 1878 paid dividend 12 per cent. (100. stock, 2367); 1272 shareholders, very many in humble circumstances. The bank stopped 2 Oct. Investigation showed great fraud and false accounts. Estimated loss, 6,783,000l., causing much calamity and ruin to many. The directors, J. Stewart, Lewis Potter, R. Salmond, Wm. Taylor, H. Inglis, and J. I. Wright, and the manager, R. S. Stronach, were committed for trial, 30 Oct. Stronach and Potter were convicted of falsifying and fabricating balance-sheets (18 months' imprisonment; the others of uttering the same, 8 months' imprisonment), 1 Feb. 1879. The liquidators reported that about 1819 contributors had paid about 4,500,000l. (13s. 4d. in the pound), 1 Dec. 1879; 208. in the pound paid to depositors, 2 March, 1880. Bar sur Aube (N.E. France). Here the French, under Oudinot and Macdonald, were defeated by the allies, 27 Feb. 1814. Barataria Bay, on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, about thirty miles west of the Mississippi river. The bay was the headquarters of a band of pirates and smugglers under Jean Lafitte; and in 1814, when the British they sent a vessel under capt. Lockyer to secure Lafitte's were preparing their expedition against New Orleans, assistance, which, with his knowledge of the intricate waterways of that region, would have been invaluable. Lafitte asked for time to consider the offer made him (of $30,000 and the command of a ship), but secretly sent messengers to reveal the plan to the authorities in New Orleans, and to offer his services to the Americans on the sole condition that he and his men should be pardoned the offences charged against them. This proposition was accepted, and Lafitte rendered valuable services. As Barbadoes, a West India island, one of the Windward Isles discovered by the Portuguese about 1600, taken possession of by the English 1605, and settled by sir Wm. Courteen, who founded Jamestown, 1625, many royalists settled here, the island was taken by the parliamentarians in 1632, Population, 1876, 162,042; white, 16,560; colored, 145,482. A dreadful hurricane, more than 4000 inhabitants perished... .10 Oct. 1780 A large plantation with all its buildings destroyed, by the land removing from its original site to another, and covering everything in its peregrination...17 Oct. 1784 An inundation, Nov. 1795; and two great fires, May and Dec. 1798 Awful devastation, with the loss of thousands of lives, and of immense property, by a hurricane.....10 Aug. 1831 other places, 1879. The Cymmrodorion Society held an Eisteddfod at Carnarvon, 23 Aug. 1880. The Gwyneddi1864-5 gion Society of Bards was founded in 1770. Turlogh 1861 O'Carolan, the last of the Irish bards, died in 1738.1868 Chambers. 1875 March, 1876 64 John Pope Hennessy. Proposed confederation of the Windward Isles; supported by the governor in a speech, 3 March; opposed by the planters... The colored population, ignorantly expecting advantage from the confederation, rise, plundering and destroying much property and cattle; negroes killed and wounded by police.... 21, 22 April, Great panic among the planters; the governor and clergy said to have acted judiciously; peace restored, 24 April, ...July, The governor exonerated from serious blame. Trial of 450 rioters; 82 punished (17 penal servitude; others light sentences) .12-21 Oct. Nov. Capt. George C. Strahan appointed governor.. Sir Henry Bulwer, governor. Barbary, in N. Africa, considered to comprise Algeria, Morocco, Fez, Tunis, and Tripoli, with their dependencies. Piratical states (nominally subject to Turkey) were founded on the coast by Barbarossa, about 1518. Barbers lived in Greece in the fifth century and at Rome in the third century B.C. In England, formerly, the business of a surgeon was united to the barber's, and he was denominated a BARBER-SURGEON. A London company was formed in 1308, and incorporated 1462. This union was partially dissolved in 1540, and wholly "No person using any shaving or barbery in London shall occupy any surgery, letting of blood, or other matter, except only drawing of teeth."-32 Hen. so in 1745. VIII. 1540. Barca (N. Africa), the Greek Barce, a colony of Cyrene. It was successively subjugated by the Persians, Egyptians, and Saracens. In 1550 the sultan Solyman combined Barca with the newly conquered pachalic of Tripoli. Barcelona (N.E. Spain), an ancient maritime city, said to have been rebuilt by Hamilcar Barca, father of the great Hannibal, about 233 B.C. It was held by the Romans, Goths, Moors, and Franks, and, with the province of which it is the capital, was made an independent country about A.D. 864, and incorporated with Aragon, 1164, the last count becoming king. The city has suffered much by war. The siege by the French in 1694, was relieved by the approach of the English fleet, commanded by admiral Russell; but the city was taken by the earl of Peterborough in 1706. It was bombarded and taken by the duke of Berwick and the French in 1714, and was taken by Napoleon in 1808, and retained till 1814. It revolted against the queen in 1841, and was bombarded and taken in Dec. 1842, by Espartero. Frequent insurrections here; one suppressed Jan. 1874. An exhibition opened by the king Alfonso XII. 4 March 1877. Barcelona very prosperous, 1879. Barclay, CAPTAIN, see Pedestrianism. Bardesanists, followers of Bardesanes, of Mesopotamia, who embraced the errors of Valentinus, after refuting them, and added denial of the incarnation, resur rection, etc., about 175. Bards. Demodocus is mentioned as a bard by Homer; and we find bards, according to Strabo, among the Romans before the age of Augustus. The Welsh bards formed an hereditary order, regulated, it is said, by laws enacted about 940 and 1078. They lost their privileges at the conquest by Edward I, in 1284. The institution was revived by the Tudor sovereigns; and their Eisteddfods (or meetings) have been and are still frequently held at Swansea, Aug. 1863; at Llandudno, Aug. 1864; in the vale of Conway, 7 Aug. 1865; at Chester, 4 Sept. 1866; at Carmarthen, 3 Sept. 1867; at Ruthin, 5-7 Aug. 1868; at Rhyl, 8-12 Aug. 1870; at Portmadoc, Aug. 1872; at Mold, Aug. 1873; at various places in 1874-6; at Carnarvon, 21 Aug. 1877; at Llanrwst, 1-3 Aug.; at Menai Bridge, Aug. 1878; at Conway, 6 Aug., and at Barebone's Parliament. Cromwell, supreme in the three kingdoms, summoned 122 persons, such as he thought he could manage, who, with six from Scotland and five from Ireland, met as a parliament, 4 July, 1653. It obtained its appellation from a nickname given to one of its members, a leather-seller, named "PraiseGod Barbon." The majority evinced much sense and spirit, proposing to reform abuses, improve the administration of the law, etc. The parliament was suddenly dissolved, 13 Dec. 1653, and Cromwell made lord pro tector. Bareilly, province of Delhi (N.W. India), ceded to the East India Company by the ruler of Oude in 1801. A mutiny at Bareilly, the capital, was suppressed in April, 1816. On 7 May, 1858, it was taken from the cruel sepoy rebels. Barfleur (N. France), where William, duke of Normandy, equipped the fleet by which he conquered England, 1066. Near it, William, duke of Normandy, son of Henry I., in his passage from Normandy, was shipwrecked, 25 Nov. 1120, when the prince, his bride, and many others perished. Barfleur was destroyed by the English in the campaign in which they won the battle of Crecy, 1346. The French navy was destroyed near cape by admiral Russell, after the victory of La Hogue, 19 May, 1692. the Bari (S. Italy), the Barium of Horace, was, in the 9th century, a stronghold of the Saracens, and was captured in 871. In the 10th century it became subject to the by the emperor Louis II., a descendant of Charlemagne, Eastern Empire, and remained so till it was taken by Robert Guiscard, the Norman, about 1060. A great ec clesiastical council was held here on 1 Oct. 1098, when the filioque article of the Creed and the procession of the Holy Spirit were the subjects of discussion. Penny in 1850-1, and so named by him after sir Francis Baring Island, Arctic Sea, discovered by capt. Baring, first lord of the admiralty in 1849. Barium (Greek, barys, heavy), a metal found abundantly as carbonate and sulphate. The oxide baryta was first recognized as an earth distinct from lime by Scheele in 1774; and the metal was first obtained by Humphry Davy, in 1808.-Watts. Bark, see Jesuit's-bark. Barlaamites, followers of Barlaam, a learned Calabrian monk of the order of St. Basil, who maintained various peculiar tenets, attacked the Greek monks, supported the Latin against the Greek church in a controversy at Constantinople, 1337, and acted as the emperor's envoy in an attempt to reconcile the churches in 1339. He died about 1348. for virtue and courage, were massacred through the Barmecides, a powerful Persian family, celebrated His vizier Giafar was a Barmecide. The phrase Barjealousy of the caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, about 802. mecide (or imaginary) feast originated in the story of the barber's sixth brother, in the "Arabian Nights' Entertainments." Barnabites, an order of monks, established in Milrelieving the sick and aged, and converting heretics. an about 1530, were much engaged in instructing youth, Barnardo Homes. Dr. T. J. Barnardo, of German extraction, born in Ireland, came to London, and in 1866 began energetically to promote the welfare of homeless children. Barnard's, SIR JOHN, ACT (7 Geo. II., c. 8), entitled "An act to prevent the infamous practice of stockjobbing," was passed in 1734, and repealed in 1860. Sir John Barnard (born 1685, died 1764) was an eminent lord mayor of London. His home for boys at Stepney, founded 1870, was followed by Barnet, Hertfordshire. Here, at Gladsmore Heath, Edward IV. gained a decisive victory over the Lancastrians, on Easter-day, 14 April, 1471, when the earl of Warwick and his brother the marquess of Montacute, or Montague, and 10,000 men were slain. A column commemorative of this battle has been erected at the meeting of the St. Albans and Hatfield roads. · in 1801 are of the United Kingdom. Betham's "Baronetage of England," 5 vols. 4to, 1801-5. Barons' War arose in consequence of the faithlessness of Henry III. and the oppression of his favorites in 1258. The barons, headed by Simon de Montfort. earl of Leicester, and Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester, met at Oxford in 1262, and enacted statutes to which the king objected. In 1263 their disputes were in vain referred to the decision of Louis IX. of France. War broke out, and on 14 May, 1264, the king's party was totally defeated at Lewes; and De Montfort became the virtual ruler of the kingdom. The war was renewed; and at the battle of Evesham, 4 Aug. 1265, De Montfort was slain, and the barons were defeated; but they did not render their final submission till 1268. A history of this war was published by Mr. W. H. Blaauw in 1844; 2d ed. 1871. Barossa, see Barrosa. Barracks (from "Baraque-Ilutte que font les soldats en campagne pour se mettre à couvert") were not numerous in this country until about 1789. A superintendent-general was appointed in 1793, since when commodious barracks have been built in the various garrison towns and central points of the empire.-A report, censuring the condition of many barracks, was presented to parliament in 1858; and great improvements were effected under the direction of Mr. Sidney (afterwards lord) Herbert; see Aldershot. Barrel-organs, see Organs. Baroda, see India, 1874-5. Barometers. Torricelli, a Florentine, knowing that water did not rise in a pump through what was supposed to be nature's abhorrence of a vacuum, imitated the action of a pump with mercury, and made the first barometer, about 1643. Pascal's experiments (1646) Barricades, mounds formed of trees and earth, for enhanced the value of the discovery by applying it to military defence. During the wars of the League in the measurement of heights. Wheel barometers were France, in 1588, the people made barricades by means of contrived in 1668; pendent barometers in 1695; marine chains, casks, etc., and compelled the royal troops to retire. in 1700; and many improvements have been made During the war of the Fronde, a barricade was erected since. In the aneroid barometer (from a, no, and vnpóc, in Paris on 27 Aug. 1648. Barricades composed of overwatery) no liquid is employed; the atmospheric pressure turned vehicles, etc., were erected in Paris in the insurbeing exerted on a metallic spring. Its invention (at-rections of 27-30 July, 1830, and 23-26 June, 1848, when tributed to Conté, in 1798, but due to Vidi, who died in sanguinary conflicts took place. April, 1866), excited much attention in 1848-9. BaromBarrier Treaty, by which the Low Countries were eters were placed at N.E. coast stations in 1860 by the ceded to the emperor Charles VI., was signed by the duke of Northumberland and others. Baron, formerly the only title in our peerage, now the lowest. Its original name in England, Varasour, was changed by the Saxons into Thane, and by the Normans into Buron. Many of this rank had undoubtedly assisted in or been summoned to parliament (in 1205); but the first precept found is of no higher date than the 49 Hen. III. 1265. The first raised to this dignity by patent was John de Beauchamp, created baron of Kidderminster, by Richard II., 1387. The barons took arms against king John, and compelled him to grant the great charter of our liberties, and the charter of our forests, at Runnymede, near Windsor, June, 1215. Charles II. granted a coronet to barons on his restoration, 1660. Baronets, the first in rank among the gentry, and the only knighthood that is hereditary, were instituted by James I., 1611. The rebellion in Ulster seems to have given rise to this order, it having been required of a baronet, on his creation, to pay into the exchequer as much as would maintain "thirty soldiers three years at eightpence a day in the province of Ulster in Ireland." It was further required that a baronet should be a gentleman born, and have a clear estate of 1000l. per annum. The first baronet was sir Nicholas Bacon (whose successor is therefore styled Primus Baronettorum Angliæ), 22 May, 1611. The baronets of Ireland were created in 1619; the first being sir Francis Blundell-Baronets of Nova Scotia were created 1625; sir Robert Gordon the first baronet.-All baronets created since the Irish Union British, Imperial, and Dutch ministers, 15 Nov. 1715. Barristers are said to have been first appointed by Edward I., about 1291, but there is earlier mention of professional advocates. They are of various ranks, as king's or queen's counsel, sergeants, etc., which see. Students for the bar must keep a certain number of terms at the Inns of Court previously to being called, and by the regulations of 1853 must pass a public examination. Irish students must keep eight terms in England. Barrosa, or BAROSSA (S. Spain). The British army, commanded by major-gen. sir Thomas Graham, afterwards lord Lynedoch, totally defeated the French under marshal Victor, 5 March, 1811, the French leaving nearly 3000 dead, six pieces of cannon, and an eagle, the first that the British had taken; the loss of the British was 1169 men killed and wounded. Barrow Island (Arctic Sea), discovered by capt. Penny in 1850-1, and named by him in honor of John Barrow, esq., son of sir John. Barrow-in-Furness (Lancashire), in 1847, was a village with a population of about 330, which in 1867 had increased to above 17,000, and in 1874 to 35,000, in consequence of the large manufacture of iron from the ore (hæmatite) found there. On 19 Sept. 1867, new docks and Buccleuch (proprietors of the land), Mr. Gladstone, were opened in the presence of the dukes of Devonshire and others. Barrowists, a name given to the Brownists (which see). Barrows, circular or oblong mounds, found in Britain and other countries, were ancient sepulchres. Sir Richard Hoare caused several barrows near Stonehenge to be opened; in them were found Celtic ornaments, such as beads, buckles, and brooches, in amber, wood, and gold: Nov. 1808. 230 barrows were opened and discoveries made, chiefly in Yorkshire, 1866 et seq., under the superintendence of the rev. canon William Greenwell, who published his elaborate work "British Barrows" in Dec. 1877. Barrows at Aldbourne, North Wilts, were opened by canon Greenwell and rev. Walter Money, Sept.-Oct. 1878. Canon Greenwell gave urns and other results of his explora tions to the British Museum in 1879. Barrow's Straits (N. Arctic Sea), explored by Edward Parry as far as Melville island, lat. 74° 26' N. and long. 113° 47′ W. The strait, named after sir John Barrow, was entered on 2 Aug. 1819. The thermometer was 55° below zero of Fahrenheit. Bars in music appear in Agricola's "Musica Instrumentalis," 1529; and in Morley's "Practical Music," 1597, for score music. Henry Lawes used them in his "Ayres and Dialogues," 1653. Bartholomew, St., THE APOSTLE, martyred 71. The festival (24 Aug. o.s., 3 Sept. N.S.) is said to have been instituted 1130. Monastery of St. Bartholomew (of Austin Friars) founded by Rahere, a minstrel of Henry I.. The hospital founded by him.. 1102 ...about 1123 Refounded after the dissolution of monasteries (it then contained 100 beds, with 1 physician and 3 surgeons), 1544; incorporated... William Harvey, physiologist, physician here. Earliest record of medical school.. Hospital rebuilt by subscription.. Medical college founded.. 1546 .1609-43 1662 1729 1843 1878 5803 in-patients; 160,520 out-patients treated, 653 beds. New buildings for Medical School, museum, etc., opened by the prince of Wales.... ..3 Nov. 1879 Bartholomew the Great, St., near Smithfield. The building of the church, said to have begun 1102, restored by subscription and reopened... 29 March, 1868 Bartholomew Fair. The charter was granted by Henry I., 1133, and was long held in Smithfield (which see). The shows were discontinued in 1850, and the fair was proclaimed for the last time in 1855. In 1858 Mr. H. Morley published his "History of Bartholomew Fair," with many illustrations. The MASSACRE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW Commenced at Paris on the night of the festival. ..24 Aug. 1572 According to Sully, 70,000 Huguenots, or French Protestants, including women and children, were murdered throughout the kingdom by secret orders from Charles IX., at the instigation of his mother, the queen dowager, Catherine de' Medici. La Popélionère calculates the victims at 20,000; Adriani, De Serres, and De Thou say 30,000; Davila states them at 40,000; and Péréfixe makes the number 100,000. Above 500 persons of rank, and 10,000 of inferior condition, perished in Paris alone, besides those slaughtered in the provinces. Pope Gregory XIII. ordered a Te Deum to be performed, with other rejoicings. Bartholomew, St., a West Indian island held by Sweden. It was colonized by the French in 1648; and has been several times taken and restored by the British. It was ceded to Sweden by France in 1785; captured by the English and restored, 1801; ceded to France, 1877. Bartholomites, a religious order expelled from Armenia, settled at Genoa 1307, where is preserved in the Bartholomite church the image which Christ is said to have sent to king Abgarus. The order suppressed by pope Innocent X. 1650. Barton Aqueduct (near Manchester) was constructed by James Brindley, to carry the Bridgwater canal over the Irwell, at a height of 39 feet above the river; completed in 1761. Basel (Basle, French Bâle), a rich city in Switzerland. The eighteenth general council sat here from Dec. 1431, to May, 1443. Many important reforms in the church were proposed, but not carried into effect: among others the union of the Greek and Roman churches. The university was founded in 1460. Treaties of peace between France, Spain, and Prussia were concluded here in 1795. It was made a free imperial city 1392, but joined the Swiss confederation 1501. Institutes of Justinian, the Pandects, etc., arranged by Basilica, a body of law, in Greek, including the order of the emperor Basil, the Macedonian, and his son Leo the Philosopher, 875-911. The term basilica (palace) was applied to places of worship by the early Christian emperors. Basilikon Doron (Royal Gift), precepts on the art of government, composed by James I. of England for his son Henry, and first published at Edinburgh in 1599. The collected works of this monarch were published at London, 1616-20, in one vol. fol. Basque Provinces, N.W. Spain (Biscay, Guipuscoa, and Alava). The Basques, considered to be descendants of the ancient Iberi, were termed Vascones by the Romans, whom they successfully resisted. They were subdued with great difficulty by the Goths about 580, and were united to Castile in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Their language is conjectured to be of Tartar origin. Basque Roads (W. France). Fourteen French ships of the line, riding at anchor here, were attacked by lords Gambier and Cochrane (the latter commanding the fire-ships), and all were destroyed, 11-29 April, 1809. Cochrane accused Gambier of neglecting to support him. At a court-martial, 26 July-4 Aug., lord Gambier was acquitted. Bassano (N. Italy). Here the Austrians, under Wurmser, were defeated by the French under Massena, 8 Sept. 1796. Bassein (Bombay), a Mahratta town, taken by the British, 1774, 1780; finally annexed by them, 1818. By treaty here, 31 Dec. 1802, they engaged to support the peishwa's rights. Basset, or BASSETTE, or Pour et Contre, a game at cards, said to have been invented by a noble Venetian, in the fifteenth century; introduced into France, 1674. Basseterre Roads, St. Christopher's, West Indies. Here the French admiral, the comte de Grasse, was repulsed with loss in three desperate attacks on the British fleet, commanded by sir Thomas Graves, 25, 26 Jan. 1782. Bassoon, a wooden double-reed wind-instrument, said to have been invented by Afranio, a canon of Ferrara, early in the sixteenth century. Bassorah, BuSSORAH, or BASRAH (Asia Minor), a Turkish city, founded by the caliph Omar, about 635. It has been several times taken and retaken by the Per sians and Turks. Bass Rock, an isle in the Frith of Forth (S. Scotland), was granted to the Lauders, 1316; purchased for a state-prison, 1671; taken by the Jacobites, 1690; surrendered, 1694; granted to the Dalrymples, 1706. Bass's Strait (Australia). Mr. Bass, surgeon of the Reliance, in an open boat from Port Jackson, in 1796, penetrated as far as Western Port, and affirmed that a strait existed between New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land. Lieut. Flinders circumnavigated Van Diemen's Land and named the strait after Mr. Bass, 1799. Bastard, a child not born in lawful wedlock. An attempt in England, in 1236, to legitimate bastard children by the subsequent marriage of the parents failed. Bashi-bazouks, irregular Turkish troops, partially The barons assembled in the parliament of Merton anemployed in the Crimean war, 1854-6. swered: Nolumus leges Angliæ mutari (“We will not Basientello (S. Naples). Here the army of Otho have the laws of England changed"). Women conceal |