West Virginia (from Virginia); state.. Nevada (territory, 1861); state.. Montana (territory).. 66 66 Nebraska (territory, 1854); state.. 1867 1868 66 1876 The census report thus classifies the population: Males, 25,520,582; females, 24,632,284. Native born, 43.475,506; foreign born, 6,677,360. Whites, 43,404,877; colored, 6,577,151. The remaining 170,838 are composed of Indians not in tribal relations and under government care, Chinese, and other Asiatics. The Chinese are estimated at 105,363. The senate is composed of two members for each state, elected for six years. The representatives in congress are elected for two years. (Formerly five slaves were counted as three persons, but this system ended with the abolition of slavery. În 1872 the number of representatives was raised from 233 to 283, to commence 3 March, 1873. A new ratio of apportionment, usually involving some change in the total number of representatives, is adopted after each census. The exact apportionment, founded upon the census of 1880, has not yet (Jan. 1882) been determined. For statistics of revenues, expenditures, and public debt, see titles National Debt of United States, and Revenue of United States. For statistics of the foreign commerce of the United States, see titles Exports and Imports of Merchandise. ARMY (see title Army).-That which achieved independence was disbanded at the end of the war. In 1789, a war department was established, and in 1790 the army consisted of 1216 men for the Indian frontier. In 1808, the militia was newly equipped. When war with Great Britain was declared on 18 June, 1812, 35,000 men were voted; and this army was disbanded at the peace in 1815. In 1855, Army, 11,658. Militia, 1,873,558. Fleet, 72 vessels (2290 guns). In 1860, the United States militia were 3,070,987. Fleet, 92 vessels (of all kinds); in Oct. 1862, 256 vessels of war. Federal Army, 29 July, 1861, estimated at 660,971. In Dec. 1862, nearly 1,000,000 men. In April, 1865, about 1,500,000, at the end of the war, when the reduction began at once. Number of soldiers in 1867, 54,890; in July, 1871, 32, 135; 1875, 27,525 men. Present aggregate strength, 25,000 men. Fleet, in July, 1867, 261 vessels of all kinds; 2218 guns; Jan. 1871, 179 vessels, 1440 guns; 1875, 155 vessels, 1203 guns. Railways, miles: 1830, 23; 1840, 2818; 1850, 9021; 1860, 30,635; 1870, 52,914; 1880, 93,637. First congress held at Albany. British capture Savannah.. Americans defeated at Brier's Creek. Americans capture Stony Point.. Charleston surrenders to the British. ...6 Feb. 1778 .28 June, ...June, .3 July, 29 Dec. .3 March, 1779 15 July, .23 Sept. ..12 May, 1780 ...16 Aug. 2 Oct. [André (born 1751) was an adjutant-general in the British army, and was taken in disguise on his return from a secret expedition to the traitorous American He was sentenced to general Arnold, 23 Sept. 1780. execution as a spy by a court of gen. Washington's officers at Tappan, New York, and suffered death, 2 Oct. following. His remains were removed to England in a sarcophagus, 10 Aug. 1821, and interred in Westminster Abbey. Impartial judges justify the severity of this punishment.] Battle of King's Mountain. Battle of Cowpens.. ..June, 1754 Washington's last address to congress. John Adams, 2d president... Washington dies; universal sorrow.. 29 June, 1767 Gen. Gage sent to Boston.. ..Oct. 1768 Boston massacre.... .5 March, 1770 The seat of government removed to Washington.... Louisiana purchased from the French. Decatur destroys frigate Philadelphia. Hamilton killed by Burr.......... Peace with Tripoli.... .....11 July, ...3 June, 1805 .14 Oct. (6 First action between the British and Americans, at Lexington; British retreat.. .19 April, 1775 Capture of Ticonderoga, 10 May; Crown Point...12 May, Act of perpetual union between the states......20 May, George Washington appointed commander-in-chief, 15 June; battle of Bunker Hill...... .17 June, Discussion between England and America respecting the rights of neutrals... 1807 66 Fulton's first steamboat voyage up the Hudson.. 14 Sept. American ports closed to the British, July; trade suspended.... ..9 Dec. Embargo laid by the United States... Importation of slaves abolished.. 22 Dec. ..1 Jan. 1808 4 Oct. Grogan restored to the Americans. Statue of Washington placed in the capitol at Washington.. ..1 Dec. Affair of the Creole; dispute with England. Dec. [This American vessel was on her voyage to New Orleans with a cargo of slaves; they mutinied, murdered the owner, wounded the captain, and compelled the crew to take the ship to Nassau, New Providence, where the governor, considering them passengers, allowed them, against the protest of the American consul, to go at liberty.] Announcement of lord Ashburton's mission to the United States..... Dorr's rebellion.. 1 Jan. 1842 20 April, 1846 .11 May, Congress declares war with Mexico.. Mexicans defeated by Taylor at Palo Alto.... .8, 9 May, Battle of Resaca de la Palma.. .9 May, Treaty fixing the northwest boundary of the United States at the 49th parallel of latitude, and giving the British possession of Vancouver's island, the free navigation of the Columbia river, etc., signed.....12 June, Monterey captured... 24 Sept. The Mexicans defeated by gen. Taylor at Buena Vista, 22, 23 Feb. 1847 Vera Cruz taken by storm, 29 March; the Mexicans everywhere worsted. Great battle of Cerro Gordo; the Mexicans signally defeated by gen. Scott.....18 April, Battle of Chapultepec. .13 Sept. ...14 Sept. 64 66 City of Mexico taken.. Treaty between Mexico and the United States....2 Feb. 1848 Gold discovered in California... . Feb. Gen. Zachary Taylor, 12th president... ......5 March, 1849 Riot at the theatre, New York, occasioned by the dispute between Mr. Forrest and Mr. Macready, .10 May, Proclamation of the president against the marauding expedition to Cuba ..11 Aug. [Lopez, a Spanish adventurer, landed 600 men at Cuba; after a short but obstinate struggle they took the town of Cardenas; and soon after had a land engagement with some Spanish soldiers, in which many of them were killed or taken prisoners; the others embarked with Lopez in the Creole steamer, and thus escaped from a Spanish war - steamer, the Pizarro, May, 1850.] The French ambassador dismissed from Washington, 14 Sept. Treaty with England for a transit way across Panama (see Bulwer), 19 April; ratified. ..4 July, 1850 President Zachary Taylor dies 9 July; death of J. C. Calhoun. ......31 March, ....16 July, Aug. Andrew Jackson, 7th president.. Treaty between the United States and the Ottoman Porte.... Ports reopened to British commerce.. 7 May, 1830 5 Oct. 66 First railway made.. Millard Fillmore, 13th president.. Fugitive slave bill passed. 64 46 66 President Fillmore issues a second proclamation against the promoters of a second expedition to Cuba, and the ship Cleopatra, freighted with military stores destined for that island, is seized. 25 April, 1851 Henry Clay, American statesman, dies.. .29 June, Failure of the second expedition against Cuba by Lopez and his followers; they are all defeated and taken; 51 are shot by the Cuban authorities, Lopez is garroted, and the rest are sent prisoners to Spain, where, after some negotiation, they are mercifully set at liberty (see Cuba) ......Aug.-Sept. J. F. Cooper, American novelist, dies.. ...14 Sept. The president issues a proclamation against the sympa thizers with the revolutionary movement in Mexico, 22 Oct. Part of the capitol at Washington, and the whole of the library of the United States congress, destroyed by fire, that a reward was offered for his head. He bad arranged for the successful issue of the insurrection above mentioned, so far as to devise a provisional government and a new constitution. On 16 Oct. he and his band seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, a town on the borders of Virginia and Maryland, stopped the railway trains, and cut the telegraph wires; a conflict with the military ensued, and Brown was captured. Temporary panic in southern states.] Gen. Harney superseded by gen. Scott at San Juan, who makes conciliatory overtures; accepted by gov. Douglas, afterwards by 576,000 Englishwomen). Gen. Franklin Pierce, 14th president.. Affair of Koszta at Smyrna (see Koszla).. Crystal Palace opens at New York .4 March, 1853 21 June, ..14 July, 66 John Brown executed... Duel between Mr. Soulé (American minister at Madrid) and M. Turgot. Great fire at New York; Great Republic clipper destroyed, Astor Library, New York, opened.. William Walker proclaims the republic of Sonora divided into two states, Sonora and Lower California, 18 Jan. American steamer Black Warrior seized at Cuba, 28 Feb. The Spanish government remitted the fine, but considered the seizure legal... .. April, Commercial treaty concluded between Japan and United States, by commodore Perry (sent there for the purpose).. 23 March, .May, Kansas-Nebraska bill passed Reciprocity treaty between Great Britain and United States (respecting Newfoundland fishery, international trade, etc.) concluded... .7 June, Capt. Hollins, in American sloop Cyane, bombards San Juan de Nicaragua... 13 July, Negotiation for the annexation of the Sandwich Islands, Oct. Dreadful election riots in Kansas......March and April, 1855 Indian war. ..25-29 April, Dispute with British government on enlistment (see Foreign Legion). ...July, Gen. Harney gains a victory over the Sioux Indians, 66 3 Sept. Senator Charles Sumner savagely assaulted by representative Preston S. Brooks, in the senate-chamber, for speaking against slavery .2 May, 1856 28 May, Mr. Crampton, British envoy, dismissed.. Battle in Kansas; the pro-slavery men (under capt. Reid) The Resolute presented to queen Victoria (see Franklin), 66 Samuel G. Goodrich (Peter Parley) dies. The national democratic convention meets in Charleston, S. C., 23 April; southern members secede, 30 April; convention adjourns, 3 May, to meet in Baltimore, 18 June; southern members meet separately in Richmond, 11 June, and resolve to re-enter the convention; convention meets in Baltimore, 18 June; seceding members are refused readmission, 22 June, and a further division follows; the regular convention nominates Stephen A. Douglas for president; adjourns, 23 June; the seceding delegates including many from the north-meet in separate convention, and nominate John C. Breckinridge.. ...23 June, The Great Eastern arrives at New York........23 June, The prince of Wales arrives at Detroit, 20 Sept.; visits Washington, 3 Oct.; Philadelphia, 9 Oct.; New York, 11 Oct.; Boston, 17 Oct.; embarks at Portland, 20 Oct. Abraham Lincoln, the republican candidate, elected 16th president (see Southern Confederacy).. .6 Nov. [303 electors were appointed to vote for a president; 152 to be a majority. The numbers were, for Abraham Lincoln, 180; John C. Breckinridge, 72; John Bell, 39; Stephen A. Douglas, 12.] Intense excitement at Charleston, South Carolina, and in other southern states... South Carolina secedes from the Union.. 66 12 Dec. James Buchanan, 15th President.. .4 March, 1857 Lord Napier appointed British envoy to United States (16 Jan.); warmly received... .18 March, Central American question settled.. March, Judgment given in the "Dred Scott" case in the Supreme Court. (He was claimed as a slave in a free state; two judges declared for his freedom, five against it, which causes great dissatisfaction throughout the free states), March, Disorganized state of Utah; troops march to support new governor.. . May and June, Riots in Washington against Irish electors; and in New York on account of changes in the police arrangements, Death of W. H. Prescott, the historian. Daniel E. Sickles killed Philip Barton Key, for with his wife; acquitted of murder. The American commodore Tatnall assists the English at the Chinese engagement on the river Peiho, saying, "Blood is thicker than water". 25 June, Gen. Ward, the United States envoy, goes to Pekin, but does not see the emperor.. ....July, Gen. Harney sends troops to San Juan Island, near Vancouver's Island, "to protect the American settlers;" moderation of the British, who have a naval force at hand; governor Douglas also sends troops, Major Anderson, of United States army, occupies Fort Sumter in South Carolina.. ..26 Dec. Delegates from South Carolina not received by the presi dent... ..30 Dec. Vacillating policy of president Buchanan; the secretaries Cass, Cobb, Floyd, and Thompson resign, Dec. 1860-Jan. 1861 New York and other northern states protest against the secession; a general fast proclaimed; observed on 4 Jan. Steamer Star of the West fired upon in Charleston harbor, 9 Jan. Vicksburg, Mississippi, fortified.. 12 Jan. Secession (by convention) of Mississippi, 8 Jan.; Alabama, Florida, 11 Jan.; Georgia, 19 Jan.; Louisiana, 26 Jan.; Texas (by legislature).. ..1 Feb. Southern confederacy formed at Montgomery, Ala., 4 Feb. Jefferson Davis elected by the six seceding states, 8 Feb.; is inaugurated president of the "Confederate States," at Montgomery, Alabama. .18 Feb. New (Morrill) tariff bill passed.. ..2 March, President Davis prepares for war (100,000 men to be raised).. March, Abraham Lincoln, inaugurated president at Washington, says, "the central idea of secession is the essence of anarchy" 4 March. Southern commissioners not received by the president at Washington.. 12 March, Gen. Winfield Scott, in a letter to president Lincoln, sets before him four courses: either, I., to surrender to slavery half the territory acquired, or to be acquired; II., to blockade all revolted ports; III., to say to seceding states, "Wayward sisters, go in peace!" or, IV., to conquer the South, which would require 300,000 men, and afterwards a resident army [the letter became public Oct. 1862].. .March, Great excitement at the operation of the new Morrill tariff, which begins.. ........1 April, The war begins: Major Anderson refuses to surrender Fort Sumter, Charleston, when summoned, 11 April; it is taken by the secessionists, after a bloodless conflict, 13 April. President Lincoln summons congress to meet on 4 July; issues a proclamation, calling on the states to furnish a contingent of 75,000 men, etc......... 15 April, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and other states zealously respond, with vigorous preparations for war; Kentucky, North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and 66 Missouri, decidedly refuse, asserting the proposed coercion to be wicked, illegal, and unconstitutional. April, 1861 Virginia secedes.. 17 April, The mob in Baltimore, Maryland, attack some Massachusetts regiments on their way to Washington; several persons killed in the conflict.. 19 April, President Davis issues letters of marque, 17 April; president Lincoln proclaims the blockade of the ports of seceding states.. .19 April, U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Va., fired by command, and 45,000 stand of arms destroyed, 18 April; 9 ships of war and naval stores in the navy-yard, Norfolk, Va., burned to prevent them falling into the hands of the southern confederates, who occupy the place.. .21 April, Lincoln calls for 42,034 volunteers for three years, 3 May, and informs foreign powers of his intention to maintain the Union by war..... 4 May, The confederates under Beauregard and Johnston, in Virginia, threaten Washington.... May, The British queen commands her subjects to be neutral in the ensuing war.. 13 May, The federals enter Virginia; Beauregard calls on the Virginians to rise and expel them... ..1 June, Formal secession of Arkansas, 6 May; North Carolina, 20 May; Tennessee (9th, 10th, 11th).. Several British vessels seized while endeavoring to break the blockade; the southern privateer Savannah captured.. ...June, ..8 June, Neutrality announced by the French emperor..10 June, Fast-day in confederate states ..13 June, Missouri.-Gen. Lyon raises a federal army, and defeats the state troops, 17 June; the federals successful at Carthage, 5 July; Fremont takes command in West Missouri, 26 July; federals victorious at Athens, 5 Aug. ; at Wilson's Creek (gen. Lyon killed), 10 Aug.; Fremont proclaims martial law, and freedom to slaves of rebels, 31 Aug; Lexington surrenders to confederates, 20 Sept.; Fremont, blamed, retires; succeeded by Hunter, 2 Nov. Virginia. -Federals defeated at Big Bethel, 10 June; Occupy Harper's Ferry, evacuated by the confederates, 16 June; col. Pegram and 600 confederates surrender at Beverley... 13 July, [Very many skirmishes, with various results.] Meeting of U. S. congress, 4 July; a loan of $250,000,000 authorized. .17 July, McClellan defeats confederates at Rich Mountain, 11 July; action at Blackburn's Ford, near Centreville, 18 July, Meeting of confederate congress at Richmond, Virginia, 20 July, Battle of Bull Run (which see) or Manassas, Virginia; the federals, seized with panic, flee in utter disorder, 21 July, Passport system introduced into the northern states, and the liberty of the press greatly restricted....Aug. The charges in the Morrill tariff greatly raised; the confederates prohibit exportation of cotton except by southern ports... .Aug. Battle of Springfield or Wilson's Creek; confederates defeated.... 10 Aug. McClellan assumes command of the army of the Potomac, 20 Aug. Federal general Butler takes Fort Hatteras, North Carolina (700 prisoners and 100 stand of arms). . . 29 Aug. Fast-day in federal states.... .26 Sept. Garibaldi declines command in the federal army...Sept. Battle of Ball's Bluff; federals defeated, and gen. Baker killed, near Leesburg, Va.; hundreds drowned. 21 Oct. The federals and confederates enter Kentucky; the gov. ernor protests; many skirmishes.... ...Sept.-Dec. Resignation of lieut. gen. Scott, 31 Oct.; George B. McClellan made commander-in-chief of the federal army. ....1 Nov. The federal general Sherman takes Port Royal forts, South Carolina.. ..7, 8 Nov. Battle of Belmont, Missouri.. ....7 Nov. Capt. Wilkes, of federal war steamer San Jacinto, boards the Royal British mail packet Trent, and carries off Messrs. Mason and Slidell, confederate commissioners, and their secretaries, 8 Nov., and conveys them to Boston... ..19 Nov. Great rejoicings in the northern states at the capture of Mason and Slidell... Nov. 20 Nov. McClellan reviews 70,000 men.. Capt. Pegram, of confederate steamer Nashville, burns the federal ship Harvey Birch, 19 Nov., and brings the crew on to Southampton. .21 Nov. A secession ordinance passed by a party in Missouri, 2 Nov.; the same in Kentucky... .30 Nov. Dissensions increase between the republicans (abolition...Nov. ists) and the democrats in New York, etc... Jefferson Davis elected president of confederate states for six years.. .30 Nov. President Lincoln states that the federal armies comprise 660,971 men... ..2 Dec. Meeting of congress, which votes thanks to capt. Wilkes, 2 Dec.; the foreign envoys at Washington protest against his act..... .3 Dec. The federals commence sinking hulks filled with stones to block up Charleston harbor (South Carolina) [much indignation in England].. 21 Dec. 1861 Banks at New York, etc., suspend cash payments. 30 Dec. A firm despatch from the British government arrives 18 Dec. 1861; Mason and Slidell, surrendered, sail for Europe... ...1 Jan. 1862 Phelps's fruitless expedition to Ship Island, Mississippi Sound... ..3 Dec. 1861-Jan. Confederate general Zollicoffer defeated by Thomas, and slain at Mill Springs, or Somerset, Ky., 66 66 66 ....19 Jan. The federals (Grant) take Fort Henry, 6 Feb.; Fort Donelson, with 15,000 prisoners, 16 Feb.; and Nashville, 23 Feb. Confederates defeated at Pea Ridge, Ark.....6-9 March, Confederate iron-plated ship Merrimac destroys federal vessels Cumberland and Congress in Hampton Roads, 8 March; is repulsed by federal iron-clad floating battery Monitor.... .9 March, McClellan and his army (100,000) cross the Potomac and find the confederate camp at Bull Run evacuated, 10 March, Burnside's expedition sails, 11 Jan.; takes Roanoke, North Carolina, 7, 8 Feb.; Newbern.. ...14 March, Confederates defeated at Winchester.. .23 March, Gen. Burnside occupies Beaufort and Fort Macon, 1 April, Slavery abolished in District of Columbia.......4 April, 66 McClellan advances into Virginia, with the view of taking Richmond; he besieges Yorktown, held by confeder ates.. .5 April, Correspondents of English newspapers excluded from federal army.. .5 April, Great battles of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing, near Cor- .20 May, 66 66 ..May, May, Stonewall Jackson defeats Banks at Winchester 18 May, 27 May, .May, 31 May, 1 June, 66 Beauregard and the confederates retreat from Corinth, Tennessee, 30 May; pursued by Halleck and the federals, .July, 64 Memphis, on the Mississippi, taken... Federals defeated near Charleston.. Federal forces under Fremont, Banks, and McDowell placed under Pope; Fremont resigns.........17 June, Federals suffer through several severe engagements in Virginia .25-30 June, Gen. Butler excites great indignation by his military rigor at New Orleans May and June, United States debt estimated at 100,000,000Z. ...June, Seven days' conflict on the Chickahominy before Richmond (see Seven Days' Battle).......25 June-1 July, The tariff still further raised.. ....July, Many conflicts in Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee, through confederate guerilla parties....June and July, Lincoln visits and encourages the army of McClellan, and calls for 300,000 volunteers.. Lincoln's assent to a bill confiscating the property and emancipating the slaves of all rebels in arms after 60 days.. ....17 July, Halleck supersedes McClellan as commander-in-chief, 26 July, Slow volunteering; many emigrations to Canada and Europe; habeas corpus suspended; the president ordains a draft if the volunteers are not ready by 15 Aug. Pope takes command in Virginia..... 14 July, Lincoln's proclamation of confiscation of property of rebels.. 26 July, Fierce attack of Breckinridge (confederates) on Baton Rouge; the federals soon after retire ..5 Aug. Pope's troops ravage Virginia; Banks, his subordinate, attacked at Cedar Mountain by gen. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.. .9 Aug. [The title "Stonewall" was given to him at the battle of Bull Run, where, in admiration of the firmness with which his brigade held its ground at the time of severest pressure, gen. Lee cried out, "There stands Jackson like a stone wall."] McClellan withdraws from Harrison's Landing (said to have lost 70,000 men, killed, wounded, prisoners, and deserters). ..16 Aug. The federals surprised, and Pope loses his baggage.. 25 Aug. Jackson turns the flank of Pope's army, and attacks him 66 July, at Groveton, 29 Aug.; and when reinforced by Lee, defeats him and McDowell at Bull Run, 30 Aug.; Pope retreats to Centreville.. .1 Sept. 1862 The remains of Pope's army flee behind the lines of Washington, 2 Sept.; he is removed to the northwest to act against the Indian insurrection.........3 Sept. McDowell superseded; charged with treachery, he claims a trial.. ..Sept. McClellan marches against the confederates under Lee, who have crossed the Potomac and entered Maryland .5, 6 Sept. Severe conflicts at South Mountain Gap (or Middletown), 14-16 Sept.; confederates, after a great fight near Antietam Creek and Sharpsburg road, retreat....17 Sept. Harper's Ferry surrendered to Jackson, 15 Sept.; he crosses the Potomac and joins Lee's army....17 Sept. Thanksgiving-day in southern states.. ...18 Sept. Rosecrans defeats the confederates at Iuka.....19 Sept. Confederates re-enter Virginia.. 22 Sept. Lincoln proclaims liberty to the slaves in the confederate states on 1 Jan. 1863, if the states have not returned to the Union.. 66 other relief for the distressed cotton-workers in Lancashire, arrives.... .....9 Feb. 1863 A conscription bill (for men between 18 and 45) passed, 25 Feb. The congress authorizes the suspension of the habeas corpus act, 3 March; and establishes a National Academy of Sciences at Washington 4 March, Confederate loan for 3,000,000, well taken up in Europe, March, Charleston, S. C., attacked by monitors and gunboats; the Keokuk, a monitor, sunk. ..7 April, Battle of Chancellorsville (which see); the federals under Hooker cross the Rappahannock, 28 April; defeated (gen. Stonewall Jackson is mortally wounded), 2-4 May; Hooker recrosses the Rappahannock.....5 May, Stonewall Jackson dies. .10 May, Grant's successful campaign in Tennessee; he defeats the confederates under Joseph E. Johnston at Jackson, 14 May; and under Pemberton at Champion Hills, 16 May; and invests Vicksburg. Miss., which is strongly fortified, 18 May; a dreadful assault on it repelled, 22 May, Confederate invasion under Lee; invade Maryland and Pennsylvania, and take various towns. .14 June et seq. The federal general Hooker superseded by George H. Meade.. .27 June, Meade advances against Lee; great battle of Gettysburg; the confederates evacuate Pennsylvania and Maryland, 1-3 July, 4 July, 66 22 Sept. Secret convention of sixteen governors of states at Altoona, Pa., approves Lincoln's policy.. .24 Sept. Draft of 40,000 men ordered in New York state by 15 Oct... ..Sept. Lincoln suspends habeas corpus writ, and authorizes severe measures against disloyal persons....25-27 Sept. Desperate conflicts near Corinth, Miss., 3-5 Oct.; and at Perrysville, Ky.. .8, 9 Oct. Confederate general Stuart crosses the Upper Potomac and enters Pennsylvania; enters Chambersburg and other places, carrying off horses, ammunition, etc.; rides round the federal army, and returns to his camp, 10-13 Oct. Gold at 29 premium at New York.. ..Oct. Great democratic meeting at New York, condemning the president's policy. .....12 Oct. At New Orleans Butler compels all persons who refuse to take the oath of allegiance to send in their names and register their property to the provost-marshal, 12 Oct. McClellan's headquarters at Harper's Ferry......17 Oct. Raid of confederate general Morgan in Kentucky; he carries off 80 federal wagons of ammunition, etc., 18 Oct. Ten confederate prisoners at Palmyra shot by order of gen. McNeil in consequence of the disappearance of Abraham Allsman.. 18 Oct. ..30 Oct. Rosecrans supersedes Buell in the west. First attack on Vicksburg.. Port Hudson, a confederate fortress on the Mississippi, surrenders. .8 July, Fierce riots at New York against the conscription; many negroes murdered and much property destroyed, 13-16 July, The Sioux defeated, 7 Aug.; gen. Pope reports that the Indian war is ended.. .Aug. New York rioters tried and convicted, 12 Aug.; conscrip tion going on peaceably ..21 Aug. Siege of Charleston; defended by Beauregard-attacks with varied success, July; Fort Sumter bombarded and destroyed (and so-called Greek fire employed); attacks on the ruins repulsed.... ..21, 22 Aug. Capture of Fort Wagner, South Carolina. Knoxville occupied by Burnside 7 Sept. .10 Sept. A Russian squadron warmly received at New York, Sept. and Oct. Battles of Chickamauga.. ..19, 20 Sept. Mason, the confederate commissioner in England, protests against the mode of his reception, and quits, 22 Sept. Confederates defeated at Blue Springs, Tenn.....10 Oct. Lincoln calls for 300,000 volunteers ..17 Oct. Rosecrans's command of the federal army in Tennessee superseded by Grant and Thomas and Sherman, The steam rams El Tousson and El Monassir, built by Mr. Laird at Birkenhead, and suspected to be for the confederates, are placed under charge of a government vessel in the Mersey. .31 Oct. British consuls dismissed from southern states.....Oct. Meade captures a part of Lee's army on the north side of the Rappahannock.... ....7 Nov. Longstreet defeats Burnside, and compels him to retire into Knoxville.... .14-17 Nov. Sherman and Thomas defeat Bragg at Chattanooga, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston takes command of the confederate army in Georgia.... ...27 Dec. President Lincoln orders a draft of 500,000 men for three years... .....1 Feb. 1864 Federal expedition into Florida; defeated at Olustee, 20 Feb. Failure of attack of Kilpatrick and Dahlgren on Richmond, 27 Feb.-4 March, Ulysses S. Grant made commander-in-chief, succeeding Halleck. ...3 March, Confederate raids into the western states........March, Sherman's expedition against Mobile, 2 March; defeated by Kirby Smith.. ...5 April, Capture of Fort Pillow.. 12 April. James E. B. Stuart, the celebrated confederate cavalry officer, killed.. ...11 May, Campaign in Virginia; the army of the Potomac crosses the Rapidan; advance of Lee (now supported by Longstreet), 2 May; severe battle in the Wilderness" (near Chancellorsville), indecisive, 5, 6 May; battle of Spottsylvania; much carnage... 10-12 May, 3 Jan. 1863 ["There have been about 2000 battles and skirmishes since the commencement of the war."-American Almanac.] President Lincoln proclaims the freedom of slaves in the 26 Jan. The French government's offer of mediation, 9 Jan., declined...... .6 Feb. 66 The George Griswold, a vessel containing provisions and |