Vine disease. In the spring of 1845, Mr. E. Tucker, of Margate, observed a fungus (since named oïdium Tuckeri) on grapes in the hot houses of Mr. Slater, of Margate. It is a whitish mildew, and totally destroys the fruit. The spores of this oïdium were found in the vineries at Versailles in 1847. The disease soon reached the trellised vines, and in 1850 many lost all their produce. In 1852 it spread over France, Italy, Spain, Syria, and in Zante and Cephalonia attacked the currants, reducing the crop to one twelfth of the usual amount. Through its ravages, the wine manufacture in Madeira ceased for several years. Many attempts have been made to arrest the progress of this disease, but without much effect. Sulphur-dust is the most efficacious remedy. The disease had much abated in France, Portugal, and Madeira, in 1863. In 1862 Californian vines were introduced into the two latter. New malady (microscopic insect, phylloxera vastatrix) in S. 1865 mas. France, observed. Remedy, sulphuret of carbon, recommended by M. Du..Aug. 1873 Not successful; great destruction; 12,000l. offered for a remedy ...July, 1876 Phylloxera prevalent in Malaga and France; reported July, Aug. 1878; Portugal, Italy, Spain, Sept.-Nov. 1879; appears in Victoria, Australia Nov. 1880 Vinegar. The ancients had several kinds, which they used for drink. The Roman soldiers were accustomed to take it in their marches. The Bible represents Boaz, a rich citizen of Bethlehem, as providing vinegar for his reapers (1312 B.C.), a custom still prevalent in Spain and Italy. Vinegar Hill (near Enniscorthy, in Wexford, S.E. Ireland). Here the Irish rebels, headed by father John, a priest, encamped and committed many outrages on the surrounding country. They were gradually surrounded by the British troops, commanded by Lake, 21 June, 1798; and after a fierce struggle, with much slaughter, totally dispersed. Vintners, see Victuallers. Viol and Violin. The lyre of the Greeks became our harp, and the viol of the middle ages became the violin. The violin is mentioned as early as 1200, in the legendary life of St. Christopher. It was introduced into England, some say, by Charles II. Straduarius (or Stradivarius) of Cremona, was a renowned violin-maker (1700 to 1722). The eminent violinist Paganini visited England, 1831; died at Nice, 27 May, 1840. Virgin Islands (West Indies), an eastern group discovered by Columbus (1494): Virgin Gorda, Tortola, Anegada, etc., and the Danish isles, St. Thomas, Santa Cruz, and St. John. Tortola settled by Dutch buccaneers about 1648; expelled 1666 23 March, May, 1870 By a dreadful hurricane off St. Thomas, the royal mail steamers Rhone and Wye were entirely wrecked; the Conway and Derwent, and above 50 other vessels, driven ashore; about 1000 persons said to have perished. Much suffering occasioned in Tortola; houses blown down or unroofed, etc. (a report reached London that the isle was submerged).. .29 Oct. 1867 Earthquake at St. Thomas and other isles; much damSanta Cruz. age; few lives lost... ..Nov. 64 A negro insurrection, in which M. Fontaine, a planter, was killed; Fredericksted and 36 out of 50 sugar plantations were burned, and about 3000 whites rendered homeless. During the suppression by col. Garde, the governor, about 200 negroes were killed.... .1-5 Oct. 1878 Virgin Mary. The Assumption of the Virgin is a festival in the Greek and Latin churches, in honor of the miraculous ascent of Mary into heaven, according to their belief, 15 Aug. A.D. 45. The Presentation of the Virgin is a feast celebrated 21 Nov., said to have beeu instituted among the Greeks in the eleventh century; XI., 1372; see Annunciation, and Conception, Immacuits institution in the West is ascribed to pope Gregory late. Virginals; an early keyed instrument of the kind termed clavichords; used in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; played on by queen Elizabeth and Mary queen of Scots. According to Johnson, it owed its name to young women being the usual performers. Tallis, Morley, Purcell, Gibbons, and Bull composed for this instrument. Virginia, see Rome, 449 B.C. Rich States. The name was given by Raleigh, 13 July, 1584, Virginia, one of the original states of the United to the whole region from the Cape Fear river to Halifax, discovered by Cabot in 1497. Vain attempts to plant colonies were made in 1585, at Roanoke, N. C. The first permanent English settlement in America was made at Jamestown, Virginia, 23 May, 1607. Virginia was made a royal province 1624; Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. Virginia seceded from the Union, 17 April, 1861 (see West Virginia). Virginia readmitted to representation in congress, 1870. During the civil war, 1861-5, Virginia was a principal theatre of operations. mond was made the capital of the Southern Confederacy, May, 1861, and from that time it was the objective point of the operations of the national army. The principal battles fought in Virginia were: Bull Run, 21 July, 1861; Ball's Bluff, 21 Oct. 1861; Hampton Roads (Monitor and Merrimac) 9 March, 1862; Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, 1 July, 1862; Cedar Mountain, 9 Aug.; Second Bull Run, 31 May-1 June, 1862; Seven Days' Battle, 25 June29-30 Aug. 1862; Fredericksburg, 13 Dec. 1862; Chancellorsville, 2-3 May, 1863; Wilderness, 5-6 May, 1864; Spottsylvania, 8-12 May, 1864; New Market, 15 May, 1864; Cold Harbor, 3 June, 1864; mine explosion at Petersburgh, 30 July, 1864; Winchester, 19 Sept. 1864; Fisher's Hill, 22 Sept. 1864; Five Forks, 1 April, 1865; Petersburgh and Richmond taken, 3 April, 1865; Lee's surrender, 9 April, 1865. See United States, Richmond, Grant's Virginia Compaign, Peninsular Campaign, etc. Virginia City, see Nevada. Virginius, American blockade-runner, see Cuba, 1873. Viscount (Vice Comes), anciently the name of the deputy of an earl. The first viscount in England created by patent was John, lord Beaumont, whom Henry VI. created viscount Beaumont, giving him precedence above all barons, 10 Feb. 1440.-Ashmole. This title is of older date in Ireland and France. John Barry, lord Barry, was made viscount Buttevant, in Ireland, 9 Rich. II. 1385.-Beatson. Visible Speech, a term applied by Mr. Alex. Melville Bell to his "Universal Self-Interpreting Physiological Alphabet," comprising thirty symbols representing the conformations of the mouth when uttering sounds. He stated that about fifty different types would | The office was abolished in 1838, but has since been frebe required to print all known languages with these quently revived and suppressed. symbols. He expounded his system to the Society of Arts, London, 14 March, 1866; and published a book in 1867. Vladimir (central Russia), a city founded in the twelfth century, and the capital of a grand-duchy from 1157 to about 1328. Voiron, see Veseronce. Volcanoes. In different parts of the earth there are above 200 volcanoes which have been active in mod Visigoths, separated from the Ostrogoths about 330; see Goths. The emperor Valens, about 369, admitted them into the Roman territories upon the condition of their serving when wanted in the Roman armies; andern times; see Etna, Vesuvius, and Iceland. In Mexico, Theodosius the Great permitted them to form distinct corps commanded by their own officers. In 400, under Alaric, they invaded Italy, and in 410 took Rome. They founded their kingdom of Toulouse, 414; conquered the Alani, and extended their rule into Spain, 414; expelled the Romans in 468; and finally were themselves conquered by the Saracens under Muza, in 711, when their last king, Roderic, was defeated and slain; see Spain for a list of the Visigothic kings. Their rule in France ended with their defeat by Clovis at Vouglé, in 507. Visitations, see Heralds. a plain was filled up into a mountain more than a thousand feet in height by the burning lava from a volcano, in 1759. A volcano in the isle of Ferro broke out 13 Sept. 1777, which threw out an immense quantity of red water, that discolored the sea for several leagues. A new volcano appeared in one of the Azore islands, 1 May, 1808. Volhynia, a Polish province, annexed to Russia 1793. Volsci, an ancient Latin people, frequently at war with the Romans. From their capital, Corioli, Caius Martius (who defeated them about 490 B.C.) derived his name Coriolanus. The story of his banishment by his ungrateful countrymen, of his revenge on them by bringing the Volsci to the gates of Rome, yet afterwards sparing the city at the entreaties of his mother, Volumnia (487 B.C.), is considered by many as a poetical legend. The Volsci and their allies were totally defeated at Sutrium by the consul Valerius Corvus (346), and incor Vital Force, defined by Humboldt "as an unknown cause preventing the elements from obeying their primitive affinities." This theory is now opposed by many physiologists, and animal motion is attributed to muscular and nervous irritability, illustrated by the researches of Galvani, Humboldt, sir Charles Bell, Marshall Hall, and others. The subject has been much discussed recently by Huxley and other eminent physiolo-porated with the Roman people about 338. gists. Viti Isles, see Fiji. Vittoria (N. Spain), the site of a victory obtained by Wellington over the French army commanded by Joseph Bonaparte, king of Spain, and marshal Jourdan, 21 June, 1813. The hostile armies were nearly equal, from 70,000 to 75,000 each. After a long and fearful battle, the French were driven, towards evening, through the town of Vittoria, and in their retreat were thrown into irretrievable confusion. The British loss was 22 officers and 479 men killed; 167 officers and 2640 men wounded. Marshal Jourdan lost 151 pieces of cannon, 451 wagons of ammunition, all his baggage, provisions, cattle, and treasure, with his baton as a marshal of France. Continuing the pursuit on the 25th, Wellington took Jourdan's only remaining gun. Vivarium, see Aquavivarium. Volsinii, the inhabitants of an Etrurian city, who, after a sharp contest, were completely overcome by the Roman consul Titus Coruncanius, 280 B.C. Voltaic Pile or BATTERY was constructed by Galvani; see Galvanism in article Electricity. The principle was discovered by Alessandro Volta, of Como (born 1745), for thirty years professor of natural philosophy at Pavia, and announced by him to the Royal Society of London in 1793. The battery was first set up in 1800. Volta was made an Italian count and senator by Napoleon Bonaparte, and was otherwise greatly honored. While young he invented the electrophorus, electric pistol, and hydrogen lamp. He died in 1826, aged 81. The form of the Voltaic battery has been greatly improved by the researches of modern philosophers. The nitricacid battery of sir W. R. Grove was constructed in 1839; Alfred Smee's battery in 1840; the carbon battery of prof. Robert Bunsen in 1842. The first is very much used in this country; that of Bunsen on the continent; see Copper-zinc Couple. Vivisection. Physiological experiments upon living animals having much increased, the societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals in Dresden and Paris Volturno, a river in S. Italy, near Capua, near to in 1859 requested the opinion of a committee of eminent which Garibaldi and his followers held a strong position. scientific men on the merits of the knowledge thus ac- This was furiously assailed by the royal troops on 1 Oct. quired. Their judgment was not unanimous. The 1860, who were finally repulsed after a desperate strugLondon society took up the question in 1860, and print-gle, the fiercest in which Garibaldi had yet been ened a pamphlet by Mr. G. Macilwain against vivisection. In Aug. 1862, an international conference to discuss the question was held at the Crystal Palace, Sydenham. The subject was discussed in 1866, and a prize awarded by the London society. Sir Charles Bell's opinion of vivisection was that it either obscured the subject it was meant to illustrate, or misled men into practical errors of the most serious character. Discussion revived in consequence of the prosecution of Dr. Schiff in Florence, who justified vivisection when chloroform or any other anesthetic is used....1873-6 Rival societies: 1. Society for the abolition of vivisec- 1876 Vizier, GRAND, an officer of the Ottoman Porte, said to have been first appointed by Amurath I., about 1386. gaged. He was aided greatly by a band of Piedmontese from Naples. On 2 Oct. gen. Bixio completed the victory by capturing 2500 fresh Neapolitan troops and dispersing others. tions for the support of the British government against Voluntary Contributions. Public contributhe policy and designs of France amounted to two millions and a half sterling in 1798. About 200,000l. were transmitted to England from India in 1799. Sir Robert Peel, of Bury, among other contributions of equal amount, subscribed 10,000l. — Annual Register. See Patriotic Fund. In 1862 nearly a million pounds were subscribed in the British empire for the relief of the Lancashire cotton-spinners; see Cotton and Mansion-house, where voluntary contributions for beneficent purposes are continually received. Volunteers were enrolled in England for the American war, 1778, and especially in conscquence of the threatened invasion of revolutionary France, 1793-4. Besides our large army, and 85,000 men voted for the sea, we subsidized 40,000 Germans, raised our militia to 100,000 men, and armed the citizens as volunteers; the yeomanry formed cavalry regiments. Between 1798 and 1804, when this force was of greatest amount, it numbered 410,000, of which 70,000 were Irish.* On 26 Oct. 1803, king George III. reviewed in Hyde Park 12,401 London volunteers, and on 28 Oct. 14,676 more. The English volunteers were, according to official accounts, 341,600 on 1 Jan. 1804; see Naval Volunteers. In May, 1859, in consequence of the prevalence of the fear of a French invasion, the formation of volunteer corps of riflemen commenced under the auspices of the government, and by the end of the year many thousands were enrolled in all parts of the kingdom. The volunteers were said to be "a force potentially the strongest defence of England," 19 April, 1870 see Artillery Association and Naval Artillery Volunteer Force. YEOMANRY were enrolled by lord Chatham in 1761. The present 49 regiments of cavalry (about 300 each) cost 80,0002. 1870 [The first Middlesex volunteers were formed in 1803 as the duke of Cumberland's sharpshooters. They retained their organization as a rifle club when other volunteers were disbanded. In 1835 they were permitted by the duchess of Kent to take the name of the Royal Victoria Rifle Club.] Circular letter from col. Jonathan Peel proposing organization of National Volunteer Association for promoting the practice of rifle-shooting, 12 May, 1859. It was established in London, under the patronage of the queen and prince-consort, Mr. Sidney (afterwards lord) Herbert, secretary at war, president, and the earl of Derby and other noblemen vice presidents. (Annual subscription one guinea, or a composition for life of ten guineas), 2500 volunteer officers presented to the queen; a dinner followed, with the duke of Cambridge in the chair, and a ball... 7 March, 1860 The queen reviews about 18,450 volunteers in Hyde Park, 23 June, [Mr. Tower, of Wealdhall, Essex, aged 80, was present as a private; he had been present as an officer in a volunteer review in 1803.] ..... 16 Nov. 1859 First meeting of the National Association for rifle-shooting held at Wimbledon; capt. Edward Ross (North York) obtained the queen's prize of 250l. and the gold medal and badge of the association... [M. Thorel, a Swiss, obtained a prize.j Successful sham-fight at Bromley, Kent.. Above 20,000 volunteers reviewed by the queen burgh.. 66 .2-7 July, 66 .14 July, at Edin..7 Aug. 66 66 66 Above 10,000 Lancashire volunteers reviewed by the earl of Derby at Knowsley... ...1 Sept. Lord Herbert stated that the association had a capital of 30001, and an annual income of 1500. 16 Feb. 1861 Volunteers in Britain estimated at about 160,000... May, Second meeting at Wimbledon; Mr. Jopling (S. Middlesex) gains the queen's prize and the association medal, 4-10 July, Review of 11,504 volunteers at Wimbledon, 13 July; of 9000 at Warwick.... 24 July, .1 April, 1862 Brighton, Registered number of volunteers, 162,681. 20,000 volunteers reviewed by lord Clyde at 66 21 April, (S. Victoria) 1-14 July, Third meeting at Wimbledon; Mr. Pixley An act to amend and consolidate the acts relating to *The first regiment of Irish volunteers was formed at Dublin, under command of the duke of Leinster, 12 Oct. 1779. They armed generally to the amount of 20,000 men, and received the unanimous thanks of the houses of lords and commons in Ireland, for their patriotism and spirit, for coming forward and defending their country. At the period when the force appeared, Irish affairs bore a serious aspect; manufactures had decreased, and foreign trade had been hurt by a prohibition of the export of salted provisions and butter. No notice of the complaints of the people had been taken in the English parliament, when, owing to the alarm of an invasion, ministers allowed the nation to arm, and an immense force was soon raised. The Irish took this occasion to demand a free trade, and government saw there was no trifling with a country with arms in its hands. The Irish parliament unanimously addressed the king for a free trade, and it was granted, 1779. prize, etc., won by private John Wyatt (London rifle brigade)... .23 July, 1864 .22 July, 1865 Volunteers estimated at 165,000 in... Sixth meeting at Wimbledon, began 11 July; the queen's prize was won by private Sharman (4th West York), '18 July; the meeting ended with a review by the duke of Cambridge... Seventh meeting at Wimbledon, began 9 July; queen's prize won by Angus Cameron (6th Inverness), 17 July; the value of about 7000l. distributed in prizes, and reThe volunteers reviewed by the prince of Wales at view by duke of Cambridge.. Brighton, 2 April; at York, 11 Aug.; by duke of Cambridge at Hyde Park.. .23 June, Estimate of volunteers: 135,000 infantry, 27,000 artillery, and 4000 engineers (Times).. About 1100 volunteers visit Brussels, headed by col. Loyd Lindsay; warmly received; first prize gained Parliamentary vote for volunteers, 361,0094.......6 June, 1867 by Curtis, of the 11th Sussex rifles.. ...11-22 Oct. Metropolitan and Berkshire volunteers reviewed in Windsor great park.. ..10 June, Eighth meeting at Wimbledon, began 8 July; Belgian Garde Civique and volunteers (above 2000) received by prince of Wales, 13 July; resignation of lord Elcho, chairman of the council; succeeded by earl Spencer, 18 July; grand review by prince of Wales, the sultan, etc.; the queen's prize given to sergeant Lane (Bristol) ..20 July. by the princess of Teck...... Grand review in New Sefton park, Liverpool......5 Oct. About 28,000 volunteers reviewed by the queen at Windsor.. .20 June, 1868 Review of regulars and volunteers at Edinburgh..4 July, Ninth meeting at Wimbledon, 13 July; the queen's prize gained by lieut. Carslake (5th Somerset). 25 July, Lord Elcho re-elected chairman of the council (earl Spencer resigned).... Feb. 1869 Memorial to government respecting the capitation grant; signed by noblemen and gentlemen. 19 Feb. Volunteers reported to number 170,000 Review of volunteers of southern and western counties at Portsmouth.. 26 April, Tenth meeting at Wimbledon, 3 July; queen's prize gained by corporal Angus Cameron (6th Inverness), 2d time, 13 July; grand review.. .....24 July, Volunteers' act, 1863, amended.. ......9 Aug. "Army Service Corps" to be composed of volunteers; established by royal warrant.. Twelfth meeting at Wimbledon, 8 July; queen's prize won by ensign A. P. Humphry, undergraduate (Cam18 July, bridge university), aged 19.. Vote for volunteer force, 1872-3, 473,2007.......24 June, 1872 Thirteenth meeting at Wimbledon, 8 July; queen's prize won by color-sergeant Michie (London Scottish), 16 July, The Elcho shield, the International trophy, and the Irish International trophy (all won by the English) placed in the custody of the lord mayor... .27 July, Some volunteers visit Ghent... ..14-21 Sept. Fourteenth meeting at Wimbledon, 7 July; queen's prize won by sergeant Robert Menzies (1st Edinburgh), 64 44 15 July, 1873 Volunteers visit Havre; shoot for prizes; 50 obtain prizes, end of May; given... 29 June, 1874 Fifteenth meeting at Wimbledon, 6 July; queen's prize won by private W. C. Atkinson (1st Durham).. 14 July, An "efficient volunteer" detined by order in council (substitute for schemes of 27 July, 1863, and 15 Oct. 1872).. .....Aug. .. April, 1875 queen's prize .20 July, Resignation of earl of Ducie as chairman.. Sixteenth meeting at Wimbledon, 12 July; won by capt. George Pearse (15th Devon). 175,387 enrolled volunteers, 1874; 181,080.. 30,000 volunteers reviewed by the prince of Wales in Hyde Park (complete success."-Times.)....1 July, 1876 Seventeenth meeting at Wimbledon, 10-22 July; queen's prize won by sergeant Pullman, 2d (South) Middlesex, 18 July, 185,501 enrolled volunteers. Eighteenth meeting at Wimbledon, 9-21 July; queen's prize won by private George Jamieson (a Scot), of 15th Lancashire corps (Liverpool).. .17 July, 1877 .Jan. 1878 193,026 enrolled volunteers... Nineteenth meeting at Wimbledon, 8-20 July; queen's prize won by private Peter Ray (a Scot), 11th Stirling, 16 July, 203,213 enrolled volunteers... Nov. Twentieth meeting at Wimbledon, 14-26 July; queen's prize won by corporal George Taylor, 47th Lancashire, 22 July, 1579 International trophy won by England.. 19 July, 1879 Standard of efficiency: 69 per cent. 1863; 85 per cent. 1868; 96 per cent.. Earl Stanhope elected chairman in room of earl Wharncliffe.. .May, Twenty-first meeting at Wimbledon, 12-24 July; Queen's prize won by Alexander Ferguson, private 1st Argyll, 1880 แ 21 July, East York volunteer artillery corps resign on account of dismissal of col. Humphrey (through continued personal disagreements), 16 June; resignations said to be illegal, 29 June, Sergeant William Marshman, tried by court-martial for alleged fraudulent marking at the rifle meetings, 1878, 1879, 1880, acquitted... 13 Aug.-16 Sept. Earl Stanhope, chairman, succeeded by earl Brownlow, 4 May, 1881 Twenty-second meeting at Wimbledon, 11-23 July; queen's prize won by private Thomas Beck, 3d Devon, 19 July, Brighton... Guildford. Brighton.. Dover.. EASTER MONDAY REVIEWS AND SHAM FIGHTS. .21 April, 1862, and 5 April, 1863 .28 March, 1864 ..17 April, 1865, and 2 April, 1866 .22 April, 1867 .13 April, 1868 .29 March, 1869 Brighton, 18 April, 1870 (considered a failure).. 10 April, 1871 Portsmouth (the most successful hitherto, 29,490 volun- 66 Mock battle between sir Arthur Horsford (12,180 men, 22 guns) and gen. Lysons (11,082 men, 20 guns), 1 April, 1872 Small reviews at Wimbledon and other places, 14 April, 1873; 6 April, 1874; 29 March, 1875; at Tring, etc., 17 April, 1876; at Dunstable, etc., 2 April, 1877; at Staines, etc., 22 April, 1878; at Dover, Ryegate, Wimbledon, etc., 14 April, 1879; Brighton, battle, successful, 29 March, 1880.. ..18 April, 1881 Above 52,000 volunteers reviewed by the queen at Windsor, 9 July. ["A magnificent success; the crowning achievement of the volunteer movement."- Times, 11 July]...... ELCHO CHALLENGE SHIELD, shot for by teams, and kept by the winning nation: Won by England: 1862, 1863, 1865, 1867, 1868, 1870, 1871, 1872, 1876, 1881 (July 22). Scotland: 1864, 1866, 1869, 1874, 1879 (July 24). Vossem, PEACE OF, between the elector of Brandenburg and Louis XIV. of France; the latter engaged not to assist the Dutch against the elector; signed 6 June, 1673. Voting Papers, see Dodson's Act. The proposal to use them was negatived in the debates on reform in 1867; adopted by the Ballot act in 1873. Vouglé, or VOUILLE (S.W. France, near Poitiers), where Alaric II., king of the Visigoths, was defeated and slain by Clovis, king of France, 507, who subdued the whole country from the Loire to the Pyrenees. A peace followed between the Franks and Visigoths, who had been settled above one hundred years in that part of Gaul called Septimania. Clovis soon afterwards made Paris his capital. Voyages. By order of Pharaoh-Necho, of Egypt, some Phoenician pilots sailed from Egypt down the Arabian gulf, round what is now called the Cape of Good Hope, entered the Mediterranean by the Strait of Gibraltar, coasted along the north of Africa, and at length arrived in Egypt, after a navigation of about three years, 604 B.C.-. Herodotus. The first voyage round the world was made by a ship, part of a Spanish squadron which had been under the command of Magellan (who was killed at the Philippine islands in a skirmish) in 1519-20; see Circumnavigators and Northwest Passage. Charles Voysey having been deprived for heresy (see Voysey Establishment Fund. The rev. Church of England, 1871), began a series of services at St. George's hall, Langham place, 1 Oct. 1871. The fund for their maintenance was supported by bishop Hinds of Norwich (retired), sir John Bowring, and other eminent liberals. He termed his congregation a "Theistic Church." Vulcan, see Planets. The Greek god Hephaistos answered to the Roman Vulcan. Vulcanite (vulcanized india-rubber), also termed Ebonite. Vulgate (from vulgatus, published), a term applied to the Latin version of the Scriptures which is authorized by the council of Trent (1546), and which is attributed to St. Jerome, about 384. The older version, called the Italic, is said to have been made in the beginning of the second century. A critical edition was printed by order of pope Sixtus V. in 1590, which, being considered inaccurate, was superseded by the edition of pope Clement V. in 1592. The earliest printed vulgate is without date, by Gutenburg and Fust, probably about 1455; the first dated (Fust and Schoffer) is 1462. W. Wacht des Deutschen Vaterland (“Watch of the German Fatherland"). German national hymn, by Reichardt, first performed 2 Aug. 1825. Very popular during the war 1870-1. Wadham College (Oxford). Founded by Nicholas Wadham, and Dorothy his wife, in 1613. In this college, in the chambers of Dr. Wilkins (over the gateway), the founders of the Royal Society frequently met prior to 1658. Wager of Battle, see Appeal. Wages in England. The wages of sundry workmen were first fixed by act of parliament 25 Edw. III. 1350. Haymakers had but one penny a day. Mastercarpenters, masons, tilers, and other coverers of houses, had not more than 3d. per day (about 9d. of our money); and their servants, 14d.-Viner's Statutes. By the 23 Henry VI. the wages of a bailiff of husbandry was 23s. 4d. per annum, and clothing of the price of 5s., with meat and drink; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 20s., clothing, 4s. ; common servant of husbandry, 15s., clothing, 40d.; woman-servant, 10s., clothing, 4s.. 1444 By the 11 Henry VII. a like rate of wages with a little advance; as, for instance, a freemason, master carpenter, rough mason, bricklayer, master-tiler, plumber, glazier, carver, or joiner, was allowed from Easter to Michaelmas to take 6d. a day without meat and drink; or, with meat and drink, 4d.; from Michaelmas to Easter, to abate 1d. A master having under him six In 1866 the annual amount of wages paid in the United men was allowed 1d. a day extra... Kingdom was estimated by Mr. Gladstone at 250,000,000l.; by Mr. Bass at 350,000,000l.; and by prof. Leone Levi at 418,300,000l., earned by 10,697,000 workers, ages 20 to 60. In 1872-8 many trades struck for increase of wages, and In 1878 prof. Levi estimated that 503,000,000l. were earned frequently were successful; in 1877-9, unsuccessful. (by men, 390,000,000l.; by women, 113.000,000l.); after deducting for holidays, etc., 422,700,000!. He says that "in no other country are wages more liberal, but in no other country are they more wastefully used." See Strikes. 1495 Corn per quarter. 8. d. 62 0 55 10 53 3 48 2 57 1 WAGES OF HARVEST-MEN IN ENGLAND AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. Waghorn's New Overland Route to India. Lieut. Waghorn devoted a large portion of his life to connect India with England. On 31 Oct. 1845, he arrived in London by a new route, with the Bombay mail of the 1st of that month. His despatches reached Suez on the 19th, and Alexandria on the 20th, whence he proceeded by steamboat to a place twelve miles nearer London than Trieste. He hurried through Austria, Baden, Bavaria, Prussia, and Belgium, and reached London at half-past four on the morning of the first-mentioned day. The authorities of the different countries through which he passed eagerly facilitated his movements. The ordinary express, by way of Marseilles, reached London 2 Nov. following. Mr. Waghorn subsequently addressed a letter to the Times newspaper, in which he stated that in a couple of years he would bring the Bombay mail to London in 21 days. He died 8 Jan. 1850. The Overland Mail, which had left Bombay on 1 Dec. 1845, arrived early on the 30th in London, by way of Marseilles and Paris. The speedy arrival was owing to the great exertions made by the French government to show that the route through France was shorter and better. Wagnerism, see under Music. Wagons were rare in the last century. They, with carts, etc., not excepting those used in agriculture, were taxed in 1783. The carriers' wagons are now nearly superseded by the railways. Wagram, a village near Vienna, where Napoleon I. totally defeated the archduke Charles, 5, 6 July, 1809. The slaughter on both sides was dreadful; 20,000 Austrians were taken by the French, and the defeated army retired to Moravia. An armistice was signed on the 12th; and on 24 Oct., by a treaty of peace, Austria ceded all her sea-coast to France; the kingdoms of Saxony and Bavaria were enlarged at her expense; part of Poland in Galicia was ceded to Russia; and Joseph Bonaparte was recognized as king of Spain. Wahabees, or WAHABITES, a warlike Mahometan reforming sect, considering themselves the only true followers of the prophet, established themselves in Arabia about 1750, under the rule of Abd-el-Wahab, who died 1787. His grandson, Saoud, in 1801, defeated an expedition headed by the caliph of Bagdad. In 1803 this sect seized Mecca and Medina, and continued their conquests, although their chief was assassinated in the midst of his victories. His son, Abdallah, long resisted Mahommed Ali, pacha of Egypt, but in 1818 was defeated and taken prisoner by Ibrahim Pacha, who sent him to Constantinople, where he was put to death. The sect, now flourishing, is well described by Mr. W. Gifford Palgrave, in his "Journey and Residence in Arabia in 1862-3," published in 1865. It is influential in India, and is suspected of a tendency to insurrection. Wahlstatt, see Katzbach. Waits, the night minstrels who perform shortly before Christmas. The name was given to the musicians attached to the king's court. We find that a company of waits was established at Exeter in 1400 to "pipe the watch." The waits in London and Westminster were long officially recognized by the corporation. Wakefield (W. Yorkshire), an ancient town. Near it a battle was fought between the adherents of Margaret, the queen of Henry VI., and the duke of York, in which the latter was slain, and 3000 Yorkists fell upon the field, 31 Dec. 1460. The earl of Warwick supported the cause of the duke's son, the earl of March, afterwards Edward IV., and the civil war was continued. An art and industrial exhibition was opened at Wakefield, 30 Aug. 1865. The Bishoprics act, authorizing the establishment of a see at Wakefield, was passed 16 Aug. 1878. Wakes, the ancient parish festivals on the saint's day to commemorate the dedication of the church; regulated in 1536, but gradually became obsolete. Walbrook Church (London), a masterpiece of sir Christopher Wren, completed in 1679. There was a church here in 1135, and a new church was erected in 1429. Walcheren (an island at the mouth of the Scheldt, Holland). The unfortunate expedition of the British to this isle in 1809 consisted of 35 ships of the line, and 200 smaller vessels, principally transports, and 40,000 land forces, the latter under the command of the earl of Chatham, and the fleet under sir Richard Strachan. For a long time the destination of the expedition remained secret; but before 28 July, 1809, when it set sail, the French journals had announced that Walcheren was the point of attack. Flushing was invested in Aug.; a dreadful bombardment followed, and the place was taken 15 Aug.; but no suggestion on the part of the naval commander, nor urging on the part of the officers, could induce the earl to vigorous action until the period of probable success was gone, and necessity obliged him to return with as many of the troops as disease and an unhealthy climate had spared. The place was evacuated 23 Dec. 1809. The house of commons instituted an inquiry, and lord Chatham resigned his post of mastergeneral of the ordnance, to prevent greater disgrace; but the policy of ministers in planning the expedition was, nevertheless, approved. The following epigram, of which various readings exist, appeared at the time: "Lord Chatham [or the warrior earl] with [his] sabre drawn, Stood waiting for sir Richard Strachan; Waldeck and Pyrmont, united German principalities, established in 1682. The late reigning family claim descent from the Saxon hero, Witikind, who flourished about 772. Prince George Victor, born 14 Jan. 1831, succeeded his father, George, 15 May, 1845. Heir: Frederic, son, born 20 Jan. 1865. On 22 Oct. 1867, the states approved a treaty of annexation, and the administration was transferred to Prussia, 1 Jan. 1868. Population in Dec. 1871, 56,218; 1875, 57,743. Waldenses (also called Valdenses, Vallenses, and Vaudois), a sect inhabiting the Cottian Alps, derive their name, according to some authors, from Peter de Waldo, of Lyons (1170). They had a translation of the Bible, and allied themselves to the Albigenses, whose persecution led to the establishment of the Holy Office or Inquisition; see Albigenses. The Waldenses settled in the valleys of Piedmont about 1375, but were frequently dreadfully persecuted, especially in the seventeenth century, when Charles I. of England interceded for them (1627-9), and Oliver Cromwell by threats (1655-6) obtained them some degree of toleration. They were permitted to have a church at Turin, Dec. 1853. In March, 1868, it was stated that there were in Italy 28 ordained Waldensian ministers, and 30 other teachers. Wales, Cambria, Cymru, the land of the Cymry, Wales are corruptions of Teutonic epithets applied to called by the Romans Britannia Secunda. Welsh and foreigners, especially Gauls. After the Roman emperor Honorius gave up Britain, Vortigern was elected king of South Britain. He invited the Saxons over to defend his country against the Picts and Scots; but the Saxons perfidiously sent for reinforcements, consisting of Saxons, Danes, and Angles, by which they made themselves masters of South Britain. Many of the Britons retired to Wales, and defended themselves against the Saxons in their inaccessible mountains, about 447. In this state Wales remained unconquered till Henry II. |