Page images
PDF
EPUB
[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small]
[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

1263

1265

Llewelyn's incursions into English territory. Reported conference between him and Simon de Montfort against the Plantagenets Llewelyn does homage to Henry III. for a treaty..Sept. 1267 Edward I. summons Llewelyn to Westminster; on his refusal to come, deposes him, 1276; and invades Wales, June, 1277 Llewelyn submits and obtains good terms.......10 Nov. He marries Eleanor de Montfort.... 13 Oct. The sons of Gruffydd treacherously drowned in the river Dee, by the earl Warrenne and Roger Mortimer; great insurrection....

Hawarden castle taken by surprise by Llewelyn and his brother David, 21 March; they destroy Flint and Rhuddlan castles. Fruitless negotiations

[ocr errors]

46

1281

Nov. 1282

.300-400 ..447-448

..about 500 ..about

527

Cadwallawn, king of Gwynedd, defeated and slain by the Saxons at Denisburn..

..about

634

Dyvnwal Moelmud, said to have come from Armorica, and to have established his authority west of the Tamar and Severn as king of the Cymry. ..about Reign of Roderic the Great...

640

[blocks in formation]

He unites the petty states into one principality; his death..

844

877

[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

.about
Great battle between the sons of Howel Dha and the
sons of Idwal Voel; the latter victorious..
Edgar invades Wales...

Devastations committed by Edwin, the son of Eineon... 980
Danes invade Wales; lay Anglesey waste, etc... .980-1000
The country reduced by Aedan, prince of North Wales.. 1000
Aedan, the usurper, slain in battle by Llewelyn...
Part of Wales laid waste by the forces of Harold..
Will am I. claims feudal authority over Wales.
Rhys abOwain kills king Bleddyn, 1073; defeatedand slain, 1077
Ravaging invasion of Hugh, earl of Chester..
Invasion of the Irish and Scots..

William I. invades Wales.

Battle of Llechryd...

[In this conflict the sons of Bleddyn ab Cynvyn were slain by Rhys ab Tewdwr, the reigning prince.] Rhys ab Tewdwr slain; S. Wales conquered by the English, Invasion of the English under William II..

933 948

885

[ocr errors]

The first English prince of Wales, son of Edward, born at
Caernarvon castle (see Princes of Wales, p. 736),
25 April, 1284
Statute of Wales (see note above) enacted.....19 March,
Many insurrections suppressed and the leaders executed,
Great rebellion of Owain Glyndwr, or Owen Glendower
(descendant of the last prince, Llewelyn), commences. 1400
Radnor and other places taken by Owain Glyndwr.....
Allies with the Scots and the Percies: besieges Caernar-

1287-1320

1401

[blocks in formation]

1402

1404

.10 May, 64

1407

1409

.24 Feb. 1416

1079-80

Harlech castle. Town of Denbigh burned..

1459

1460

[blocks in formation]

The earl of Richmond, afterwards Henry VII., lands in
Pembroke, and is aided by the Welsh..
.Aug. 1485
Palatine jurisdictions in Wales abolished by Henry VIII. 1535
Monmouth made an English county; counties of Breck-
nock, Denbigh, and Radnor formed

[ocr errors]
[blocks in formation]

Act for laws and justice to be administered in Wales in same form as in England," 27 Hen. VIII.. Wales incorporated into England by parliament..

[ocr errors][merged small]

Divided into twelve counties.

1543

1108

Cardigan conquered by Strongbow.

1109

Cadwgan assassinated..

[blocks in formation]

1112

Gruffydd ab Rhys lays claim to the sovereignty. Another body of Flemings settle in Pembrokeshire...

[The posterity of these settlers are still distinguished from the ancient British population by their language, manners, and customs.]

Civil war in South Wales and Powysland leads to the subjugation of the country by the English; Henry I. erects castles in Wales...

[merged small][ocr errors]

Lewis Owain, a baron of the exchequer, attacked and murdered while on his assize tour..

46

[blocks in formation]

..1114 et seq.

Owain killed in battle with Gerald de Windsor.. Revolt of Owen Gwynedd on the death of Henry 1.; part of South Wales laid waste..

1116

1135

First congregation of dissenters assembled in Wales;
Vavasour Powel apprehended while preaching..
Beaumaris castle garrisoned for king Charles I.
Powys castle taken by sir Thomas Myddelton. .Oct. 1614
Dr. Laud, formerly bishop of St. David's, beheaded on
Tower hill..
.10 Jan. 1645

1620

1642

[blocks in formation]
[merged small][ocr errors]

1138

Charles I. takes refuge in Denbigh.

[ocr errors]

Henry II. invades Wales, receives a stout resistance from Owen Gwynedd, but subdues South Wales.. Confederacy of the princes of Wales for the recovery of their independence..

[merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small]

Prince Madoc said to have emigrated to America..about 1169 Anglesey devastated.

Cromwell's lieutenant.

1173

The crusades preached in Wales by Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury.

1647 Battle of St. Fagan's; the Welsh defeated by col. Horton, .8 May, 1648 Beaumaris castle surrenders to Cromwell. Pembroke castle taken; colonel Poyer shot...25 April,† 1649

[ocr errors]

1188

[blocks in formation]

† At the commencement of the civil war, Pembroke castle was the only Welsh fortress in the possession of the parlia ment, and it was intrusted to the command of col. Langharne. In 1648, he, and colonels Powel and Poyer, embraced the cause of the king, and made Pembroke their headquarters; after the defeat at St. Fagan's they retired to the castle, followed

by an army led by Cromwell. They capitulated, after having endured great sufferings from want of water. Langharne, Powel, and Poyer were tried by a court-martial, and condemn ed to death; but Cromwell having been induced to spare the lives of two of them, it was ordered that they should draw lots for the favor, and three papers were folded up, on two of which were written the words, "Life given by God;" the third was left blank. The latter was drawn by col. Poyer, who was shot in London accordingly on the above-mentioned day, after long imprisonment.-Pennant.

The lords marchers' court suppressed.. "Charitable Society of Ancient Britons" and Welsh charity schools, established (now at Ashford).. Cymmrodorion Society (for charitable purposes) established..

1688 1841. Albert Edward, son of queen Victoria; born 9 Nov. Baptized, king of Prussia a sponsor, 15 Jan. 1842. Travelled on the continent, and studied at Oxford and Edinburgh, in 1859.

1715

.1751-81 Feb. 1797

The French land in Pembrokeshire, and are made pris

oners.

1846

Rebecca or "Becca" riots broke out against toll-gates, Feb.; an old woman, a toll-keeper, was murdered, 10 Sept.; many persons were tried and punished....Oct. 1843 Cambrian Archæological Association founded... Subscriptions begun for a university in Wales.... Dec. 1863 A national unsectarian university college at Aberystwyth opened... ..9 Oct. 1872 Great strike of colliers in South Wales, 1 Jan.; ends about. .27 March, 1873 Cymmrodorion Society, to promote literature and art, re-established

1877

[merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small][merged small]

1284. Edward Plantagenet (afterwards king Edward II.) son of Edward I., born in Caernarvon castle on 25 April, 1284. It is asserted that immediately after his birth he was presented by his father to the Welsh chieftains as their future sovereign, the king holding up the royal infant in his arms, and saying, in the Welsh language, "Eich Dyn." literally in English, "This is your man," but signifying, "This is your countryman and king." See, however, “Ich Dien."

1301. Edward of Caernarvon, made prince of Wales and earl of Chester.

1343. Edward the Black Prince.

1376. Richard, his son (afterwards Richard II.).

1399. Henry (afterwards Henry V.), son of Henry IV.

1454. Edward, son of Henry VI.; slain at Tewkesbury, 4 May, 1471.

1471. Edward (afterwards Edward V.), son of Edward IV.
1483. Edward, son of Richard III.; died in 1484.
1489. Arthur, son of Henry VII.; died in 1502.
1503. Henry his brother (afterwards Henry VIII.).

Edward, his son (afterwards Edward VI.) was duke of
Cornwall, and not prince of Wales.

1610. Henry Frederic, son of James I.; died 6 Nov. 1612.
1616. Charles, his brother (afterwards Charles I.).

Charles, his son (afterwards Charles II.), never created
prince of Wales.

1714. George Augustus (afterwards George II.).
1729. Frederic Lewis, his son; died 20 March, 1751.
1751. George, his son (afterwards George III.).

1762. George, his son (afterwards George IV.): born 12 Aug.

*WALES, PRINCESS OF.

This title was held, some authors say, during the early period of her life, by the princess Mary of England, eldest daughter of Henry VIII., and afterwards queen Mary I. She was created, they state, by her father

princess of Wales, in order to conciliate the Welsh people and keep alive the name, and was the only princess of Wales in her own right; a rank she enjoyed until the birth of a son to Henry, who was afterwards Edward VI., born in 1537. This is donied by Banks.

Visited Canada, with the dignity of a viceroy, and the United States, 1860.

Entered the university of Cambridge in Jan.; attended the camp at the Curragh, Kildare, July to Sept.; opened New Middle Temple Library, 31 Oct. 1861. Ordered to be prayed for as Albert Edward, 8 Jan.; visited the continent, Syria, and Egypt, March-June; Germany and Italy, Aug.-Dec. 1862.

Admitted to the house of peers, 5 Feb.; a privy-councillor, 8 Dec. 1863.

Married to princess Alexandra of Denmark, 10 March, 1863.

Visited Denmark and Sweden, Sept.-Oct. 1864; Russia,
Nov.-Dec. 1866.

Visited International exhibition. Paris, May, 1867.
Visited Ireland; arrived at Dublin, 15 April, 1868.
Installed knight of St. Patrick, 18 April, 1868.
Opened Leeds Fine Arts exhibition, 19 May, 1868.
With the princess at Glasgow, laid foundation of new
university, 8 Oct. 1868.

Sailed for the continent, 17 Nov.; called at Paris; arrived at Copenhagen, 29 Nov.; visited Berlin, Vienna, and arrived at Cairo, 3 Feb. 1869.

Examined the Suez canal, Feb.; arrived at Constantinople, 1 April; at Sebastopol, 13-17 April; at Athens, 19-24 April; landed at Dover, 13 May, 1869. Inaugurated Victoria embankment (Thames), 13 July,

1870.

[blocks in formation]

At the opening of the great exhibition at Vienna, 1 May, 1873.

At the duke of Edinburgh's wedding at St. Petersburg, 23 Jan.; visit to France, entertained by the duc de La Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia, duc d'Aumale, and others, about 17 Oct.; at Birmingham, 3 Nov. 1874. Installed grand-master of the Freemasons of England, 28 April, 1875.

112,000l. voted for his visit to India (more than sufficient), July, 1875.

Sailed from Dover, 11 Oct.; warmly received at Athens, 18 Oct.; at Cairo, invested Mohammed Tewük, the son of the khedive, with the Star of India, 25 Oct.

1875.

Arrived at Bombay, 8 Nov.; Poonah, 13 Nov.; Goa, 27
Nov.; Colombo, Ceylon, 1 Dec.; Madras, 13 Dec.;
Calcutta, 23 Dec. 1875.

At Benares, 5 Jan.; Lucknow, 6 Jan.; Delhi, 11 Jan.;
Lahore, 18 Jan.; Jummoo, Cashmere, 20 Jan.; Agra,
25 Jan.; Gwalior, 31 Jan.; in Nepaul, 12 Feb.; at
Allahabad, 7 March; sailed from Bombay, 13 March;
arrived in Malta, 6 April; Gibraltar, 15 April; Seville,
21 April; Madrid, 25 April; Lisbon, 1 May; London,
with about 500 animals for the zoological gardens, 11
May; banquet at Mansion-house, 19 May; reviewed
30,000 volunteers in Hyde park, 1 July, 1876.
President of the British commissioners at the Paris ex-
hibition, 1878.

Presided at National Water Supply conference, 21 May; laid foundation of St. Mary's, Wilberforce memorial church, Southampton, 12 Aug. 1878.

Laid foundation of new hospital, Norwich, 27 June; opened new dock at Great Grimsby, 22 July, 1879. Laid foundation of new cathedral at Truro, 20 April; opened new dock at Holyhead, 17 June, 1880. Laid foundation of central Institution of City and Guilds of London Institute, South Kensington, 18 July, 1881. Issue: Albert-Victor; born 8 Jan. 1864.

George Frederick; born 3 June, 1865.
Louise Victoria; born 20 Feb. 1867.
Alexandra; born 6 July, 1868.
Maud; born 26 Nov. 1869.

Alexander John; born 7 April, died 8 April, 1871. Walhalla, or VALHALLA (the Hall of Glory), a temple near Ratisbon, erected by Louis, king of Bavaria, to receive the statues and memorials of the great men of Germany, commenced 18 Oct. 1830, and inaugurated 18 Oct. 1842. The name is derived from the fabled meeting-place of Scandinavian heroes after death.

Walking, see Pedestrianism.

Walking-sticks, a term satirically applied to candidates for the house of commons nominated by political associations, and subject to them in their parliamentary votes, 1878.

Wallace Monument, at Abbey Craig, near Stir

ling, was inaugurated 27 Aug. 1869, and soon after given into the charge of the magistrates of Stirling. It cost about 13,000. The telescope there was presented by the Scotch inhabitants of Ipswich, 24 June, 1865.

Wallachia, see Danubian Principalities. On 23 Dec. 1861, the union of Wallachia and Moldavia, under the name of Roumania, was proclaimed at Jassy and Bucharest.

Waller's Plot. Edmund Waller, the poet, and others, conspired to disarm the London militia and let in the royalists, May, 1643. The plan was detected and punished, June-July, 1643. Waller betrayed his confederates, and was suffered to emigrate.

Wallis's Voyage. Capt. Wallis sailed from England on his voyage round the world, 26 July, 1766; and returned to England, 19 May, 1768.

Walloons, descendants of the ancient inhabitants of the Low Countries. Some of them fled to England from the persecution of the duke of Alva, the governor of the Low Countries for Philip II. of Spain, 1566. A church was given to them by queen Elizabeth at Sandwich, and they still have one at Canterbury. Their language is considered to be based on that of the ancient Gauls.

Scotland.

War with

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors]

War, called by Erasmus "the malady of princes." Osymandyas of Egypt, the first warlike king, passed into Asia, and conquered Bactria, 2100 B.C.-Usher. He is supposed by some to be the Osiris of the priests. It is computed that, up to the present time, no less than 6,860,000,000 men have perished on the field of battle; see Battles, Secretaries, Neutral Powers. An international conference on "usages of war "began at Brussels, 27 July, 1874, and closed without important results; see Brussels Conference. In 1880, about 4,000,000 men in arms; annual cost, 500,000,000.

FOREIGN WARS OF ENGLAND SINCE THE CONQUEST.
War with

Peace.
1068 1092 France..
1116 1118 Scotland.

1422

France

1480

Peace.
1471 Spain..
1486 Spain

War with

Peace. 1588 1604 1624 1629

[blocks in formation]

France

1339 1360

[blocks in formation]

France..

1562

[blocks in formation]

1368 1420 France

Walls, see Roman Walls and China.

Walnut-tree has long existed in England.* The black walnut-tree (Juglans nigra) was brought to this country from North America before 1629.

Walpole's Administrations. Mr. Walpole (afterwards sir Robert, and earl of Oxford) was born in 1676; became secretary at war in 1708; was expelled the house of commons on a charge of misappropriating the public money, 1711; committed to the Tower, 17 Jan. 1712; became first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer in Oct. 1715. He resigned, on a disunion of the cabinet, in 1717, bringing in the sinking-fund bill on the day of his resignation. On the earl of Sunderland retiring in 1721, he resumed his office, and held it till Feb. 1742. He died 18 March, 1745.

SECOND WALPOLE ADMINISTRATION (APRIL, 1721). Sir Robert Walpole, first lord of the treasury.

Thomas, lord Parker, created earl of Macclesfield, lord-chancellor.

Henry, lord Carleton (succeeded by William, duke of Devonshire, lord-president.

[blocks in formation]

Evelyn, duke of Kingston (succeeded by lord Trevor), privy the duke of Newcastle, previously colonial secretary, was

[blocks in formation]

appointed a secretary for war affairs, and a cabinet minister, 9 June, 1854; see Secretaries. War-office act, passed 20 June, 1870, appoints a financial secretary (who may sit in parliament) and other officers. An act for the protection of war-department stores was passed in 1867. By the warrant abolishing purchase in the army, in 1871, Mr. Cardwell became virtually uncontrolled minister of war. For WAR-OFFICE CHARGE, see under Army and Admiralty.

War, GAME OF (German, Kriegspiel), invented by a civilian in Germany (after the war which ended 1815), and completed by a Prussian officer about 1824. A society (including Von Moltke) was formed at Magdeburg to study it. Prince Arthur lectured on this game at Dover, 13 March, 1872.

Warbeck's Insurrection. Perkin Warbeck, the son of a Florentine Jew, to whom Edward IV. had

stood godfather, was persuaded by Margaret, duchess of Burgundy, sister to Richard III., to personate her nephew Richard, Edward V.'s brother, which he did first in Ireland, where he landed, 1492. The imposture was discovered by Henry VII., 1493. Some writers consider that Warbeck was not an impostor.

Warbeck attempted to land in Kent, with 600 men; 169 were taken prisoners, and executed, July, 1495. Recommended by the king of France to James IV. of Scotland, who gave him his kinswoman, lord Huntley's daughter, in marriage, when he assumed the title of Richard IV. James IV. invaded England in his favor, 1496.

Left Scotland, and went to Bodmin, in Cornwall, where 3000 joined him, Sept. 1497.

On the approach of Henry took sanctuary at Beaulieu; sur rendered; taken to London, Oct. 1497.

Said to have been set in the stocks at Westminster and Cheapside, and sent to the Tower, June, 1499. Accused of plotting with the earl of Warwick to escape out of the Tower, by murdering the lieutenant, Aug.; the plot failed, and he was hanged at Tyburn, 23 Nov.; the earl beheaded, 28 Nov. 1499.

Warburg (N. Germany). Here the French were defeated by the duke of Brunswick and the allies, 31 July, 1760.

Wardian Cases. In 1829, Mr. N. B. Ward, from observing a small fern and grass growing in a closed glass bottle, in which he had placed a chrysalis covered with moist earth, was led to construct his well-known closely glazed cases, which afford to plants light, heat, and moisture, and exclude deleterious gases, smoke, etc. They are particularly adapted for ferns. In 1833 they were first employed for the transmission of plants to Sydney, etc., with great success, and prof. Faraday lectured on the subject in 1838.

Wardmotes, meetings of the citizens of London in their wards, where they elect annually their commoncouncilmen. The practice is said to have begun in 1386. They had previously assembled in Guildhall.

Warrants, General, do not specify the name of the accused. They were declared to be illegal by lord chief-justice Pratt, 6 Dec. 1763, in relation to the seizure and committal of Mr. Wilkes for a libel on the king; see North Britain.

Warrior, see under Navy of England, 1860.

Warsaw, the metropolis of Poland. The diet was transferred to this city from Cracow in 1566, and it be came the seat of government in 1689. Population in 1859, 162,777.

The Poles defeated in three days' battle by the Swedes, 28-30 July, 1656 Alliance of Warsaw, between Austria and Poland, against Turkey, in pursuance of which John Sobieski assisted in raising the siege of Vienna (September following); signed.. Warsaw surrenders to Charles XII.

..31 March, 1683 1703 Treaty of Warsaw between Russia and Poland....24 Feb. 1768 The Russian garrison here expelled with the loss of 2000 killed and 500 wounded, and 36 pieces of cannon,

The last Polish revolution commences at Warsaw,

66

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

17 April, 1794 The Poles defeated by the Russians at Maciejovice, 4 Oct. The king of Prussia besieges Warsaw, July; compelled to raise the siege, Sept.; it is taken by the Russians, Nov. Suwarrow, the Russian general, after the siege and destruction of Warsaw, cruelly butchered 30,000 Poles, of all ages and conditions, in cold blood........4 Nov. Warsaw constituted a duchy, and annexed to the house of Saxony .Aug. 1807 The duchy overrun by the Russians; Warsaw made the residence of a Russian viceroy 1813 29 Nov. 1830 Battle of Grochow, near Warsaw, in which the Russians were defeated, and forced to retreat with the loss of 7000 men. ...25 Feb. 1831 Battle of Warsaw, when, after two days' hard fighting, the city capitulated, and was taken possession of by the Russians; and great part of the Polish army retired towards Plock and Modlin .6-8 Sept. The czar meets the emperor of Austria and the regent of Prussia; no result... .20-25 Oct. 1860 (See Poland, 1861-5.) Wartburg, a castle in Saxony (N. Germany), where Luther was conveyed for safety after the diet of Worms,

[ocr errors]

April, 1521, and where he translated the Bible into German.

Warwick Castle (Warwickshire), the seat of the Beauchamps, Nevilles, Plantagenets, Dudleys, Riches, and Grevilles, successively, and frequently besieged; suffered much by fire, 3 Dec. 1871, some of the more ancient parts being destroyed. Wash-houses, see Baths.

Washing-machines. Several have been inventAt a hotel in New York, hundreds ed by Americans. of garments are washed in a few minutes by steam, and dried by a centrifugal machine (1862). The ingenious machines of Messrs. Hornsby, of Norwich, appeared in the great exhibition of London, 1862.

[merged small][merged small][merged small][ocr errors][merged small][merged small][merged small]

Oct. 1860 April, 1861 President Lincoln shot by Booth in Ford's theatre, 14 April; died .15 April, 1865 (See United States.)

IMPORTANT TREATIES OF WASHINGTON. Fixing northwest boundary of British America and United States, etc.... 12 June, 1846

7 June, 1854

"Reciprocity" treaty regulating trade with Canada, Referring the Alabama claims and the San Juan boun dary question to arbitration; settling disputes respecting fisheries (see Alabama and Juan), and laying down three rules; asserting that it is the duty of a neutral state, which desires to remain at peace with belligerents, and to enjoy the rights of neutrality, to abstain from taking any part in the war by affording military aid to one or both of the belligerents; and to take care that no acts which would constitute such co-operation in the war be committed by any one within its territory.. .......8 May, 1871 Washington, Fort, CAPTURE OF. This fort, on the highest point of Manhattan Island, was built in 1776; taken by British and Hessians, 16 Nov. 1776.

Wasium (named from the royal house of Wasa or Vasa), a supposed new metal, discovered by F. Bahr, of Stockholm, in 1862. In Nov. 1863, Nicklès declared it to be a compound of didymium, yttrium, and terbium.

Waste Lands. The enclosure of waste lands and commons, in order to promote agriculture, first began in England about the year 1547, and gave rise to Ket's rebellion, 1549. Enclosures were again promoted by the authority of parliament, 1785. The waste lands in England were estimated in 1794 to amount to 14,000,000 acres, of which there were taken into cultivation 2,837,476 acres before June, 1801. In 1841 there were about 6,700,000 acres of waste land, of which more than half was thought to be capable of improvement; see Agriculture.

Wat Tyler's Insurrection, see Tyler.

Watch of London, at night, appointed 1253, proclaimed the hour with a bell before the introduction of public clocks.-Hardie. The old watch was discontinued, and a new police (on duty day and night) commenced, 29 Sept. 1829; see Police.

Watches are said to have been first invented at Nuremberg, 1447; although it is affirmed that Robert, king of Scotland, had a watch about 1310. Watches first used in astronomical observations by Pur

bach

Authors assert that the emperor Charles V. was the first who had anything that might be called a watch, though some call it a small table-clock.............................

1500

1530

color Society's exhibition was begun in 1805.

Watches first brought to England from Germany in.... 1577 | Prout, etc., within the present century. The WaterA watch which belonged to queen Elizabeth is preserved in the library of the Royal Institution, London. Spring pocket-watches (watches properly so called) have had their invention ascribed to Dr. Hooke by the English, and to M. Huyghens by the Dutch. Dr. Derham, in his "Artificial Clockmaker," says that Dr. Hooke was the inventor; and he appears certainly to have produced what is called the pendulum watch about 1658; manifest, among other evidences, from an inscription on one of the double-balance watches presented to Charles II.: "Rob. Hooke, inven. 1658; T. Tompion, fecit, 1675."

Repeating watches invented by Barlowe.....
Harrison's first timepiece produced (see Harrison).
Watches and clocks were taxed in..

1676
1735

Waterford (S. Ireland), built about 879, was totally destroyed by fire in 981. Rebuilt and considerably enlarged by Strongbow in 1171, and still further in the reign of Henry VII., who granted considerable privileges to the citizens. Richard II. landed and was crowned here in 1399; in 1690, James II. embarked from hence for France, after the battle of the Boyne; and William III. resided here twice, and confirmed its privileges. Memorable storm here, 18 April, 1792. The cathedral 1797 of Waterford, dedicated to the blessed Trinity, was first 1798 built by the Ostmen, and by Malchus, the first bishop of Waterford, after his return from England from his Water. Thales of Miletus, founder of the Ionic sect, consecration, 1096. This see was united with that of considered water to be the original principle of every- Lismore in 1363. It was valued in the king's books, by thing, about 594 B.C.-Stanley. In the Roman Church an extent returned 29 Henry VIII., at 72l. 8s. 1d. Irish water was first mixed with the sacramental wine, A.D. per annum. By stat. 3 & 4 Will. IV. c. 37 (the Irish 122.-Lenglet. Church Temporalities act), the see of Waterford and Lismore was united with the see of Cashel and Emly,

The tax was repealed in.......

(See Clocks.)

[ocr errors]

Cavendish and Watt demonstrated that water is com

posed of 8 parts of oxygen and 1 part of hydrogen...1781-414 Aug. 1833. The interior of the cathedral, organ, etc.,

Water was decomposed into oxygen and hydrogen gases by Lavoisier, 1783; by the voltaic battery by Nicholson and Carlisle, 1800; by the heat of the oxy-hydrogen flame by W. R. Grove...

In freezing, water contracts till it is reduced to 42° or 40° Fahr.; it then begins to expand till it becomes ice at 32°.

1846

1285

.1609-13

Water was first conveyed to London by leaden pipes, 21
Hen. III., 1237 -Stow. It took nearly fifty years to
complete it; the whole being finished, and Cheapside
conduit erected, only in...
The New River water brought to London from Chadwell
and Amwell in Hertfordshire, at an immense expense,
by sir Hugh Myddleton, in.
The city was supplied with its water by conveyances of
wooden pipes in the streets and small leaden ones to
the houses, and the New River Company was incor-
porated, 1620. So late as queen Anne's time there
were water-carriers at Aldgate pump.
The water-works at Chelsea completed, and the company
incorporated.
London-bridge ancient water-works destroyed by fire,
29 Oct. 1779

An act to supply the metropolis with water, 15 & 16 Vict.
c. 84, was passed 1 July, 1852. This act was amended
by an act passed 21 Aug. 1871. The companies were
bound to provide a constant supply when required;
the owner or occupier of the house to provide the pre-
scribed fittings.

[The supply is now considered to be much improved in quality and quantity.]

1722

.9 June, 1869

A company was formed to carry out Dr. Normandy's
patent for converting salt water into fresh, in....Jan. 1857
Commissioners for metropolitan water supply appointed,
27 April, 1867; report signed........
London supplied by nine companies: the New River
(the best), East London, Chelsea, Grand Junction,
Southwark and Vauxhall, Kent, West Middlesex, Lain-
beth, and South Essex; who deliver about 108,000,000
gallons daily, 1867; about 116,250,000 gallons...
New schemes for supplying London with water, 1867:
1. Mr. Bateman; from the sources of the Severn.
2. Messrs. Hemans and Hassard, from the Cumber-
land lakes.

3. Mr. Telford Macneill; Thames water filtered through
Bagshot sand.

4. Mr. Bailey Denton; storage reservoirs near the sources of the Thames.

5. Mr. Remington; from the Derbyshire and Stafford

shire hills.

The water from the first two sources analyzed and high

1877

ly approved by profs. Frankland and Odling.... April, 1868

[ocr errors]
[ocr errors]

were destroyed by fire, 25 Oct. 1815.

Water-glass, a name given to a liquid mixture of sand (silex) and one of the alkalies (potash or soda). Glauber (De Lithiase) mentions a similar mixture in 1644. Dr. Von Fuchs, the modern inventor, gave an account of his process in 1825; and Mr. Frederick Ransome, of Ipswich, ignorant of Von Fuchs's discovery, patented a mode of preparing water-glass in 1845, which he has since greatly improved upon. In 1857, M. Kuhlmann, of Lille, published a pamphlet setting forth the advantageous employment of water-glass in hardening porous stone and in stereochromy (which see). It has been applied to the exterior of many buildings in France and England. The memoirs of Von Fuchs and Kuhlmann were translated and printed in England, in 1859, by direction of the prince-consort.

Watering Streets. Mr. Cooper's plan for using solutions of chloride of lime or of sodium (which dry slowly and attract moisture and ammonia and other gases, and combine them with the material of the road) was partially used in the parish of St. Mary-le-Bone in 1868, and also in Liverpool, Boston, and other towns. The plan was ordered to be tried in Westminster in July, 1870.

Waterloo, in Belgium, the site of the great battle, on Sunday, 18 June, 1815, between the French army of 71,947 men and 246 guns, under Napoleon, and the allies commanded by the duke of Wellington; the latter, with 67,661 men and 156 guns, resisted the various attacks of the enemy from about ten in the morning until five in the afternoon. About that time 16,000 Prussians reached the field of battle; and by seven, the force under Blucher amounted to above 50,000 men, with 104 guns. Wellington then moved forward his whole army. A total rout ensued, and the carnage was immense. Of the British (23,991), 93 officers and 1916 men were killed and missing, and 363 officers and 4560 men wounded— total, 6932; and the total loss of the allied army amounted to 4206 killed, 14,539 wounded, and 4231 missing, making 22,976 hors de combat. Napoleon, quitting the wreck of his army, returned to Paris; and, finding it impossible to raise another, abdicated.-P. Nicolas.

By the side of the chapel of Waterloo, which was uninjured by shot or shell on 18 June, 1815, Marlborough cut off a large division of the French forces, 17 Aug. 1705. The conquerors on the same field are the only British commanders whose careers brought them to dukedoms.

Water from the chalk districts softened by Homersham's process strongly recommended, Jan. 1871........Aug 1878 Conference on the national water supply at Society of Arts (suggested by the prince of Wales, president), 21, 22 May, Letter from the prince of Wales to the earl of Beaconsfield suggesting the appointment of a commission on water supply, dated 24 March, 1879 National Water Supply Exhibition, Alexandra Palace; opened.. .....14 Aug. Government proposal to buy companies' works for 34,398,7001. (New River Company, 9,146,000l.), spring; Waterloo Bridge (London). A bridge over this dropped... ... April, 1880 part of the Thames was repeatedly suggested during the (See Artesian Wells and London Water.) last century, but no actual preparations to carry it into Water Tofana, see Poisoning. effect were made till 1806, when Mr. G. Dodd procured Water-bed, Clocks, see Beds, Clocks. an act of parliament, and gave the present site, plan, Water-color Painting was gradually raised from and dimensions of the bridge; but, in consequence of the hard dry style of the last century to its present brill- some disagreement with the committee, he was superseded iancy, by the efforts of Nicholson, Copley Fielding, by Mr. John Rennie, who completed this noble structure. Sandby, Varley, the great Turner, Pyne, Cattermole, It was commenced 11 Oct. 1811, and opened 18 June,

« PreviousContinue »