lowing, being 309 days out of 365; so that while the three seasons of spring, summer, and autumn are together only fifty-six days, or eight weeks, the winter is of forty-four weeks' duration in these countries. Yenikale, see Azoff. Yeomanry, see under Volunteers. Yeomen of the Guard, a peculiar body of foot (See New Style, Platonic Year, Sabbatical Year, French Rev-guards to the king's person, instituted at the coronation olutionary Calendar.) YEAR OF OUR LORD; see Anno Domini. Year-books contain reports in Norman-French of cases argued and decided in the courts of common-law. The printed volumes extend from the beginning of the reign of Edward II. to nearly the end of the reign of Henry VIII., a period of about 220 years; but in this series there are many omissions. These books are the first in the long line of legal reports in which England is so rich, and may be considered as, to a great extent, the foundation of our unwritten law," Lex non scripta." In 1863 et seq., various year-books of Edward I. (1292-1304), edited by Mr. A. J. Horwood, for the series of the Chronicles and Memorials, were published at the expense of the British government. Yeast, a substance causing fermentation, was discovered by Cagniard de la Tour and Schwann, independently, in 1836, to be a vegetable cell or fungus. of Henry VII., 30 Oct. 1485, which originally consisted of fifty men under a captain. They were called beefeaters, a corruption of buffetiers, being attendants on the king's buffet or sideboard; see Battle-are. They were of a larger stature than other guards, being required to be over six feet in height, and were armed with arquebuses and other arms. The band was increased by Henry's successors to one hundred men, and seventy supernumeraries; and, when one of the hundred died, it was ordered that his place should be supplied out of the seventy. They were clad after the manner of king Henry VIII.-Ashmole's Instit. This is said to have been the first permanent military band instituted in England. John, earl of Oxford, was the first captain in 1486. Beatson's Pol. Index. Yermuk (Syria). Near here the emperor Heraclius was totally defeated by the Saracens, after a fierce engagement, Nov. 636. Damascus was taken, and his army expelled from Syria. Yew-tree (Taxus). The origin of planting yewtrees in church-yards was (these latter being fenced) to secure the trees from cattle, and in this manner preserve them for the encouragement of archery. A general plantation of them for the use of archers was ordered by Richard III., 1483.-Stow's Chron. Near Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, were seven yew-trees, called the Seven Sisters, supposed to have been planted before 1088; the circumference of the largest thirty-four feet seven inches round the trunk. In 1851 a yew-tree was said to be whose circumference was nine yards nine inches, being growing in the church-yard of Gresford, North Wales, the largest and oldest yew-tree in the British dominions; but tradition states that there are some yews in England older than the introduction of Christianity. The old yew-tree mentioned in the survey taken of Richmond palace, in 1649, is said to be still existing. Yellow-fever, an American pestilence, made its appearance at Philadelphia, where it committed great ravages, 1699. It appeared in several islands of the West Indies in 1732, 1739, and 1745. It raged with unparalleled violence at Philadelphia in Oct. 1762; and most awfully at New York in the beginning of Aug. 1791. This fever again spread great devastation at Philadelphia in July, 1793; carrying off several thousand persons.-Hardie. It again appeared in Oct. 1797; and Yezdegird, or PERSIAN ERA, was formerly universpread its ravages over the northern coast of America, sally adopted in Persia, and is still used by the Parsees Sept. 1798. It reappeared at Philadelphia in the sum- in India, and by the Arabs, in certain computations. mer of 1802; and broke out in Spain, in Sept. 1803. This era began on 26 June, 632, when Yezdegird was The yellow fever was very violent at Gibraltar in 1804 elected king of Persia. The year consisted of 365 days and 1814; in the Mauritius, July, 1815; at Antigua, in only, and therefore its commencement, like that of the Sept. 1816; and it raged with dreadful consequences at old Egyptian and Armenian year, anticipated the Julian Cadiz, and the isle of St. Leon, in Sept. 1819. A malig-year by one day in every four years. This difference nant fever raged at Gibraltar in Sept. 1828, and did not terminate until the following year. Yellow fever rayaged Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., in 1855; Wilmington, N. C., in 1862; and Savannah, Ga., in 1876. It has been epidemic at New Orleans many times. Year. 1847. 1853. 1855 1858. 1867. 1878.. YELLOW FEVER IN NEW ORLEANS. amounted to nearly 112 days in the year 1075, when it was reformed by Jelaledin, who ordered that in future the Persian year should receive an additional day whenever it should appear necessary to postpone the commencement of the following year, that it might occur on the day of the sun's passing the same degree of the No. of deaths. ecliptic. 2350 4845 3107 3977 Memphis was almost depopulated by this scourge in 1878-9. During 1878 there were 5160 deaths there from the fever; and during 1879, although the population was reduced to 18,500, there were 1532 cases and 485 deaths. The fever appeared as an epidemic in New Orleans, 12 July, 1878, and spread rapidly to interior towns, some of which were depopulated. The total number of cases in the United States during 1878 was 65,976, with 14,809 deaths. The first case in 1879 was reported 5 July; first case in Memphis, 8 July. Yezidis, an Eastern tribe, living near the Euphrates, visited by Mr. Layard in 1841; see Devil Worchip. Ynglings (youths, or offshoots), descendants of the Scandinavian hero Odin, ruled Sweden till 830, when the last of the pontiff kings, Olaf Trætelia, being expelled, led to the foundation of the Norwegian monarchy. ceremony of making prisoners pass under it was pracYoke is spoken of as a type of servitude. The tised by the Samnites towards the Romans, 321 B.C.; see Caudine Forks. This disgrace was afterwards inflicted by the Romans upon their vanquished enemics.— -Dufresnoy. Yokohama, see Jupan. Yellowstone National Park, about 3000 square named Evrauc, settled by the Romans during the second York (North of England), a town of the Brigantes, miles, in territory of Wyoming. campaign of Agricola, about 79, and named Eboracum or Eburacum, and became the metropolis of the north. The emperor Severus died here.. Here Constantius Chlorus died, and his son the Great was proclaimed emperor... Abbey of St. Mary's founded by Seward the It includes Yellowstone lake, about 330 square miles, with numerous geysers, and rugged mountains, forests, meadows, rivers, and other beautiful scenery. Its formation was authorized by congress in March, 1872. Yelverton Case, see Trials, 1861. ..4 Feb. 211 Constantine 25 July, 306 Dane...... 10:0 The British importations of this wine in 1850 reached to | (which see) by the valor of 300 Spartans under Leonidas, 3,826,785 gallons, and in the year ending 5 Jan. 1852 to 7-9 Aug. 480 B.C. The fleet of Xerxes was defeated at 3,904,978 gallons. Xeres is a handsome and large town, Artemisium and Salamis, 20 Oct. 480 B.C.; and he hastof great antiquity. At the battle of Xeres, 26 July, 711, ened back to Persia, leaving behind Mardonius, the best Roderic, the last Gothic sovereign of Spain, was defeated of his generals, who, with an army of 300,000 men, was and slain by the Saracens, commanded by Tarik and defeated and slain at Platæa, 22 Sept. 479 B.C. Xerxes Muza. was assassinated by Artabanus, 465 B.C. Xerxes' Campaign. Xerxes crossed the Hellespont by a bridge of boats, and entered Greece in the spring of 480 B.C. with an army which, together with the numerous retinue of servants, eunuchs, and women that attended it, amounted (according to some historians) to 5,283,220 souls. Herodotus states the armament to have consisted of 3000 sail, conveying 1,700,000 foot, besides cavalry and the marines and attendants of the camp. This multitude was stopped at Thermopyla Ximena (S. Spain), the site of a battle between the Spanish army under the command of gen. Ballasteros, and the French corps commanded by gen. Regnier, 10 the loss was great on both sides. Sept. 1811. The Spaniards defeated their adversaries; Xylotechnographica, a process for staining wood various colors, invented and patented by Mr. A. F. Brophy; announced early in 1875. Y. Yacht (from the Dutch jaght), a light vessel for Yarmouth disfranchised for bribery and corruption by pleasure or races. 1849 Royal London Yacht Club, established as Arundel Yacht Club, 1838, assumed present name. YACHT RACES.-The America, an American yacht schooner, built on the wave principle, 171 tons; at Cowes regatta, in a match round the Isle of Wight, open to all comers, came in first by 8 miles, gaining the queen's cup worth 100.... ...22 Aug. 1851 Three American yachts, the Henrietta, Vesta, and Fleetwing, sailed from New York, 11 Dec. 1866, at 1 P. M. The Henrietta arrived at Cowes at 5.40 on 25 Dec., the quickest voyage ever made in a sailing vessel. Her rivals were only a few hours after her. In a contest off the Isle of Wight, between the American vessel Sappho and the English cutters Aline, Cambria, Oimara, and Condor, the Oimara won.... 25 Aug. 1868 66 In a triangular race between Sappho and Cambria, Sappho wop, 10 May; no race, 14 May; won.....17 May, 1870 In a yacht race off Staten Island, New York, for the squadron or queen's cup, the Magic won, Cambria being the 8th in 16.... ...Aug. In a series of matches off Staten Island between Mr. Ashbury's Livonia and the vessels of the New York Club, she was beaten by the Columbia, 16, 18 Oct.; by the Dauntless, 21 Oct. The two vessels were disabled by a gale in attempting the race.. ..25 Oct. 1871 In consequence of the collision of Mr. Heywood's yacht, Mistletoe, with her majesty's steam yacht, Alberta, 18 Aug. 1875 (see under Wrecks), a letter was written on behalf of the queen to the marquess of Exeter, commodore of the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, desiring yachts not to be brought too near to her majesty's, whether from loyalty or curiosity. .Sept. 1875 Yacht Racing Association formed as a court of appeal, 17 Nov. 33 yacht clubs, 1800 yachts; matches frequent.....Aug. 1880 Yankee, from "Yangees," a corruption of "English," the name originally given by the Massachusetts Indians to the colonists: applied solely to the New-Englanders by the British soldiers in the American war (1775-81); afterwards by foreigners to all natives of the United States; and latterly by the confederates of the South to the federals of the North during the war 1861-5. Yard. The word is derived from the Saxon geard, or gyrd, a rod or shoot, or from gyrdan, to enclose, being anciently the circumference of the body, until Henry I. decreed that it should be the length of his arm; see Standard Measures. . Aug. 1867 the Reform act. The prince of Wales opened a new grammar-school, 6 June, 1873 Aquarium and winter garden opened... ..5 Sept. 1876 Yashgar, a country, Central Asia; Yakoob, its able despotic chief, was contending with China and Russia, 1875. Year. The Egyptians, it is said, were the first who fixed the length of the year. The Roman year introduced by Romulus, 738 B.C.; corrected by Numa, 713 B.C.; and again by Julius Cæsar, 45 B.C. (see Calendar). The solar or astronomical year was found to comprise 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes, 51 seconds, and 6 decimals, 265 B. C. The lunar year (twelve lunar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes) was in use among the Chaldæans, Persians, and Jews. Once in every three years was added another lunar month, so as to make the solar and the lunar year nearly agree. But, though the months were lunar, the year was solar; that is, the first month was of thirty days, and the second of twenty-nine, and so alternately: and the month added triennially was called the second Adar. The Jews afterwards followed the Roman manner of computation. The sidereal year, or return to the same star, is 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 11 seconds.. The Jews dated the beginning of the sacred year in March, and civil year in September; the Athenians began the year in June; the Macedonians on 24 Sept.; the Christians of Egypt and Ethiopia on 29 or 30 Aug.; and the Persians and Armenians on 11 Aug. Nearly all Christian nations now commence the year on 1 Jan. In France, the Merovingian kings began the year with March; the Carlovingians sometimes began the year with Christmas, 25 Dec.; and sometimes with Easter, which, being a movable feast, led to much confusion. Charles IX. of France, in 1564, published an arrêt, the last article of which ordered the year for the time to come to be constantly and universally begun and written on and from 1 Jan. The beginning of the year has been reckoned from the day celebrating the birth of Christ, 25 Dec.; his circumcision, 1 Jan.; his conception, 25 March; and his resurrection, Easter. The English began their year on 25 Dec., until the time of William the Conqueror. This prince, having been crowned on 1 Jan., gave occasion to the English to begin their year at that time, to make it agree with the then most remarkable period of their history. -Stow. Until the act for altering the style, in 1752 (see Style), when the year was ordered to begin on 1 Jan., it did not legally and generally commence in England until 25 March. In Scotland, at that period, the year began on 1 Jan. This difference caused great practical inconveniences; and January, February, and part of March sometimes bore two dates, as we often find in old records, 1745-1746, or 1745-6, or 174. Such a reckoning often led to chronological mistakes; for instance, we popularly say the "revolution of 1688," as that event was completed in Feb. 1688, according to the then mode of computation; but if the year were held to begin, as it does now, on 1 Jan., it would be the revolution of 1689. The year in the northern regions of Siberia and Lapland is described in the following calendar, given by a traveller: "23 June, snow melts. 1 July, snow gone. 9 July, fields quite green. 17 July, plants at full growth. 25 July, plants in flower. 2 Aug., fruits ripe. 10 Aug., plants shed their seed. 18 Aug., snow," The snow continues upon the ground from 18 Aug. of one year to 23 June of the year fol lowing, being 309 days out of 365; so that while the three seasons of spring, summer, and autumn are together only fifty-six days, or eight weeks, the winter is of forty-four weeks' duration in these countries. Yenikale, see Azoff. Yeomanry, see under Volunteers. Yeomen of the Guard, a peculiar body of foot (See New Style, Platonic Year, Sabbatical Year, French Rev-guards to the king's person, instituted at the coronation olutionary Calendar.) YEAR OF OUR LORD; see Anno Domini. YEAR OF THE REIGN. From the time of William the Conquer- time, it is forfeited. The term arose in the Norman law, claimed for a year and a day, belonged to the lord of the It is otherwise a legal space of time. soil. of Henry VII., 30 Oct. 1485, which originally consisted of fifty men under a captain. They were called beefeaters, a corruption of buffetiers, being attendants on the king's buffet or sideboard; see Battle-are. They were of a larger stature than other guards, being required to be over six feet in height, and were armed with arquebuses and other arms. The band was increased by Henry's successors to one hundred men, and seventy supernumeraries; and, when one of the hundred died, it was ordered that his place should be supplied out of the seventy. They were clad after the manner of king Henry VIII.-Ashmole's Instit. This is said to have been the first permanent military band instituted in England. John, earl of Oxford, was the first captain in 1486. Beatson's Pol. Index. Yermuk (Syria). Near here the emperor Hera engagement, Nov. 636. Damascus was taken, and his army expelled from Syria. Year-books contain reports in Norman-French of cases argued and decided in the courts of common-law. The printed volumes extend from the beginning of the reign of Edward II. to nearly the end of the reign of Henry VIII., a period of about 220 years; but in this se-clius was totally defeated by the Saracens, after a fierce ries there are many omissions. These books are the first in the long line of legal reports in which England is so rich, and may be considered as, to a great extent, the foundation of our unwritten law," Lex non scripta." In 1863 et seq., various year-books of Edward I. (1292-1304), edited by Mr. A. J. Horwood, for the series of the Chronicles and Memorials, were published at the expense of the British government. Yeast, a substance causing fermentation, was discovered by Cagniard de la Tour and Schwann, independently, in 1836, to be a vegetable cell or fungus. Yew-tree (Taxus). The origin of planting yewtrees in church-yards was (these latter being fenced) to secure the trees from cattle, and in this manner preserve them for the encouragement of archery. A general plantation of them for the use of archers was ordered by Richard III., 1483.-Stow's Chron. Near Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire, were seven yew-trees, called the Seven Sisters, supposed to have been planted before 1088; the circumference of the largest thirty-four feet seven inches round the trunk. Yellow-fever, an American pestilence, made its In 1851 a yew-tree was said to be appearance at Philadelphia, where it committed great growing in the church-yard of Gresford, North Wales, ravages, 1699. It appeared in several islands of the the largest and oldest yew-tree in the British dominions; whose circumference was nine yards nine inches, being West Indies in 1732, 1739, and 1745. It raged with unparalleled violence at Philadelphia in Oct. 1762; and but tradition states that there are some yews in England most awfully at New York in the beginning of Aug. 1791. older than the introduction of Christianity. The old This fever again spread great devastation at Philadel-vew-tree mentioned in the survey taken of Richmond phia in July, 1793; carrying off several thousand per- palace, in 1649, is said to be still existing. sons.-Hardie. It again appeared in Oct. 1797; and spread its ravages over the northern coast of America, Sept. 1798. It reappeared at Philadelphia in the summer of 1802; and broke out in Spain, in Sept. 1803. The yellow fever was very violent at Gibraltar in 1804 and 1814; in the Mauritius, July, 1815; at Antigua, in Sept. 1816; and it raged with dreadful consequences at Cadiz, and the isle of St. Leon, in Sept. 1819. A malig nant fever raged at Gibraltar in Sept. 1828, and did not terminate until the following year. Yellow fever ravaged Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., in 1855; Wilmington, N. C., in 1862; and Savannah, Ga., in 1876. It has been epidemic at New Orleans many times. Year. 1847. 1853. 1855. 1858. 1867. 1878.. YELLOW FEVER IN NEW ORLEANS. Yezdegird, or PERSIAN ERA, was formerly universally adopted in Persia, and is still used by the Parsees in India, and by the Arabs, in certain computations. This era began on 26 June, 632, when Yezdegird was elected king of Persia. The year consisted of 365 days only, and therefore its commencement, like that of the old Egyptian and Armenian year, anticipated the Julian year by one day in every four years. This difference amounted to nearly 112 days in the year 1075, when it was reformed by Jelaledin, who ordered that in future the Persian year should receive an additional day whenever it should appear necessary to postpone the commencement of the following year, that it might occur on the day of the sun's passing the same degree of the No. of deaths. ecliptic. 2350 4845 3107 3977 Memphis was almost depopulated by this scourge in 1878-9. During 1878 there were 5160 deaths there from the fever; and during 1879, although the population was reduced to 18,500, there were 1532 cases and 485 deaths. The fever appeared as an epidemic in New Orleans, 12 July, 1878, and spread rapidly to interior towns, some of which were depopulated. The total number of cases in the United States during 1878 was 65,976, with 14,809 deaths. The first case in 1879 was reported 5 July; first case in Memphis, 8 July. Yezidis, an Eastern tribe, living near the Euphrates, visited by Mr. Layard in 1841; see Devil Worship. Ynglings (youths, or offshoots), descendants of the Scandinavian hero Odin, ruled Sweden till 830, when the last of the pontiff kings, Olaf Trætelia, being expelled, led to the foundation of the Norwegian monarchy. Yoke is spoken of as a type of servitude. The ceremony of making prisoners pass under it was practised by the Samnites towards the Romans, 321 B.C.; see Caudine Forks. This disgrace was afterwards inflicted by the Romans upon their vanquished enemies.— -Dufresnoy. Yokohama, see Japan. York (North of England), a town of the Brigantes, Yellowstone National Park, about 3000 square named Evrauc, settled by the Romans during the second miles, in territory of Wyoming. It includes Yellowstone lake, about 330 square miles, with numerous geysers, and rugged mountains, forests, meadows, rivers, and other beautiful scenery. Its formation was authorized by congress in March, 1872. Yelverton Case, see Trials, 1861. .4 Feb. 211 campaign of Agricola, about 79, and named Eboracum York burned by the Danes, allies of Edgar Atheling, and all the Normans slain... 1069 The city and many churches destroyed by fire...3 June, 1137 1190 Massacre and suicide of many Jews.. York received its charter from Richard II., and the mayor was made a lord.. 1389 The Guildhall erected... Richard III. crowned again here At a parliament held here Charles I. professed his intention to govern legally. .8 Sept. 1483 13 June, 1642 York taken for the parliament, after the battle of Marston Moor.. ......16 July, 1644 Injured during the civil war by Fairfax.... .April, The corporation built a mansion-house for the lord mayor.. bishop Nevil, 1464, they withdrew their obedience, and Much dispute arose behad archbishops of their own. tween the two English metropolitans about precedency, as by pope Gregory's institutions it was thought he meant that whichever of them was first confirmed should be superior: appeal was made to the court of Rome by both parties, and it was determined in favor of Canterbury. The archbishop of York was allowed to style himself primate of England, while the archbishop of Canterbury styles himself primate of all England. The province of York now contains the dioceses of York, Carlisle, Chester, Durham, Sodor and Man, Manchester, and Ripon (which see). York has yielded to the Church of Rome eight saints and three cardinals, and to England twelve lord-chancellors, two lord-treasurers, and two lordpresidents of the north. It is rated in the king's books, 27 Sept. 1831 39 Hen. VIII., 1546, at 1609/. 19s. 2d. per annum.— -BeatPresent income, 10,000l. The castle was built by Richard III., 1484, and was rebuilt as a jail.... 1728 1741 .Dec. 1779 The York petition to parliament, to reduce the expendi- Yorkshire Philosophical Society established British Association (2d time).. Fall of the iron bridge over the Ouse; five persons killed, 1822 1844 son. 1861 27 Sept. Social Science Association met here.. The provincial mayors gave a festival to the lord-mayor 7 May, 1879 British Association jubilee meeting. .31 Aug. -8 Sept. 1881 Population, 50,761, 3 April, 1871; 59,596, 4 April, 1881. DUKES. 1385. Edmund Plantagenet (fifth son of king Edward III.); created duke, 6 Aug.; died 1402. 1405. Edward (his son) was degraded by Henry IV. in 1399, but restored in 1414; killed at Agincourt, 1415; succeeded by his nephew, 1415. Richard (son of Richard, earl of Cambridge, who was 1460. Edward (his son), afterwards king Edward IV. 1494. Henry Tudor, afterwards Henry VIII. DUKES OF YORK AND ALBANY, York (Upper Canada), founded in 1794; since 1834 named Toronto. In the war between America and Great Britain, the United States forces made several attacks upon the province of Upper Canada, and succeeded in taking York, the seat of the government, 27 April, 1813; but it was soon afterwards again retaken by the British. York and Lancaster, WARS OF, see Roses. York, ARCHBISHOPRÍC OF. The most ancient metropolitan see in England, being, it is said, so made by king Lucius about 180, when Christianity was first partly established in England. The bishop Eborius was present at the council of Arles, 314. The see was overturned by the Saxons, and was revived by pope Gregory on their conversion, and Paulinus is said to have been consecrated archbishop, 21 July, 625. York and Durham were long the only two sees in the north of England, until Henry I. erected a bishopric at Carlisle, and Henry VIII. another at Chester. York was the metropolitan see of the Scottish bishops; but during the time of arch ARCHBISHOPS. 1501. Thomas Savage; died 3 Sept. 1507. 1508. Christopher Bainbrigg; poisoned at Rome, 14 July, 1514. 1514. Thomas Wolsey; died 29 Nov. 1530. 1531. Edward Lee; died 13 Sept. 1544. 1545. Robert Holgate; deprived 23 March, 1554. 1561. Thomas Young; died 26 June, 1568. 1570. Edmund Grindal; translated to Canterbury, 10 Jan. 1577. Edwin Sands or Sandys; died 10 July, 1588. 1743. Thomas Herring; translated to Canterbury, Oct. 1747. 1757. 1757. John Gilbert; died 1761. 1761. Robert Hay Drummond; died 10 Dec. 1776. York Minster (dedicated to St. Peter). The first Christian church erected here, which appears to have been preceded by a Roman temple, was built by Edwin, king of Northumbria, of wood, about 625, and of stone about 635. It was damaged by fire in 741, and was rebuilt by archbishop Albert about 780. It was again destroyed by fire in the year 1069, and rebuilt by archbishop Thomas, of Bayeux. It was once more burned down in 1137, with St. Mary's abbey, and 39 parish churches in York. Archbishop Roger built the choir, 1154-81; Walter Gray added the south transept in 1227; John de Romayne, the treasurer of the cathedral, built the north transept in 1260. His son, archbishop Romanus, laid the foundation of the nave in 1291. In 1330, William de Melton built the two western towers, which were finished by John de Birmingham in 1342. Archbishop Thoresby, in 1361, began to rebuild the choir in also rebuilt the lantern-tower. The minster was set on accordance with the magnificence of the nave, and he fire by Jonathan Martin, a lunatic, and the roof of the choir and its internal fittings destroyed, 2 Feb. 1829; the damage, estimated at 60,000l., was repaired in 1832 unin one hour reduced the belfry to a shell, destroyed the roof of the nave, and much damaged the edifice, 20 May, 1840. This was restored by Sidney Smirke, at a cost of 23,0007., 1841. der sir Robert Smirke. An accidental fire broke out, and Yorkshire Exhibition of Arts and Manu. factures, opened at Leeds, by the duke of Edinburgh, | improvement of young men by means of classes, meet13 May, 1875. ings, etc., founded 1844. Exeter-hall, Strand, was bought for the association about July, 1880. It met there 29 March, 1881. Yorktown (Virginia, U. S.). Yttrium, a rare metal. The earth yttria was discovered by prof. Gadolin in a mineral at Ytterby, in Sweden, 1794. The metal was first obtained by Wöhler in 1828. It is of a dark-gray color, and brittle. Lord Cornwallis had taken possession of Yorktown in Aug. 1781; but, after sustaining a disastrous siege, he was obliged to surrender his army, consisting of about 7000 men, to the allied armies of France and America, under the command of gen. Washington and count Rochambeau, 19 Oct. 1781. This mischance was attributed to sir Henry Clinton, who had not given the garrison the necessary succor they expected; and it mainly led to the close of the war. The town was strongly fortified by the confederates in the American civil war, but surrendered to McClellan, May, 1862. Celebration of the centenary of the British surrender, Oct. 1881; British flag fought, 14 March, 1590, between Henry IV. of France, saluted. Young Ireland, see Ireland, Young. Yucatan, discovered by Francis Fernandez Cordova, 1517; conquered by Berual Diaz, 1522; declared for independence, 1813. Its ancient cities are described in works by the American traveller Stephens, 1838 and 1842. Yvres (now IVRY. N.W. France), where a battle was aided by his chief nobility, and the generals of the Catholic League, over whom the king obtained a complete Young Men's Christian Association, for victory. Z. Zagrab (Hungary). Here Andrew II. defeated the invader Charles Martel, to whom the pope had assigned his crown, 1292. Zähringen (Baden), the seat of dukes, ancestors of the grand-dukes of Baden, descended from Herman I., margrave, 1074; see Buden. | ter z was retained in Scotland, and was commonly written for the letter y so late as the reign of queen Mary, up to which period many books in the Scottish language were printed in Edinburgh with these words, 1543. Zealand, one of the thirteen provinces which formed the League of Utrecht, 1579; see Holland and New Zealand. Zama (near Carthage, N. Africa), the scene of the battle between the two greatest commanders in the Zela (N.E. Asia Minor), where Julius Cæsar defeated world at the time, Hannibal and Scipio Africanus. The Pharnaces, king of Pontus, son of Mithridates. Cæsar, victory was won by Scipio, and was decisive of the fate in announcing his victory, sent his famous despatch to of Carthage; it led to an ignominious peace the year the senate of Rome in these words: Veni, vidi, vici—“ I after, which closed the second Punic war. The Romans came, I saw, I conquered" (perhaps the shortest despatch lost about 2000 killed and wounded, while the Cartha-on record). This battle ended the war; Pharnaces esginians lost in killed and prisoners more than 40,000; some historians make the loss greater; 202 B.C. Zambesi, river of E. Africa, explored by Livingstone 1851-6, 1858-64. His book published Nov. 1865. Zamora (Spain). Here Alphonso the Great defeated the Moors in 901. Zante. One of the Ionian Islands (which see). Zanzaleens. This sect rose in Syria, under Zanzalee, 535; he taught that water baptism was of no efficacy, and that it was necessary to be baptized by fire, with the application of a red-hot iron. The sect was at one time very numerous. Zanzibar, or ZANGUEBAR, an island (E. Africa), metropolis of the possessions of the imaum of Muscat, and chief market for ivory, gum, coral, and cloves, and also for slaves. At the death of the seyyid (or lord), miscalled "imaum" and "sultan," of Muscat, 1856, his dominions were divided between his sons; see Muscat. Majid obtained Zanzibar, after a contest with his brother, Barghash Seyyid, who, however, succeeded at his death, 7 Oct. 1870. An expedition for the purpose of suppressing the slave-trade was sent to Zanzibar, under the command of sir Bartle Frere, 20 Nov. 1872; arrived about 12 Jan. 1873. After some delay and negotiation by Dr. Kirke, a treaty was signed abolishing the trade, 5 June, 1873. The contract for the mail to Zanzibar was censured as too expensive in July, 1873, and altered. The seyyid Barghash visited England in 1875; arrived, 9 June; received by the queen, 21 June; received freedom of London, 12 July; sailed for France, 15 July. He decreed confiscation of slaves brought to Zanzibar, 18 April, 1876. caped into Bosporus, where he was slain by his lieutenant, Asander; Pontus was made a Roman province, and Bosporus given to Mithridates of Pergamus, 47 B.C. Zell (Hanover), see Denmark, 1772. Zend-avesta, ancient sacred books of the Parsees, of which three out of twenty-one are extant. The age of these books is much disputed. Prof. Max Müller says that the MSS. had been preserved by the Parsee priests at Bombay, where a colony of fire-worshippers had fled in the tenth century. Anquetil Duperron's French translation, from a modern Persian version, was published in 1771; edition by Eugene Burnouf, 1829-43. Zeno, or ZENON, see Stoics. Zenobia, Queen of the East, see Palmyra. Zenta (in Hungary), the scene of a battle where the Germans, under prince Eugene, defeated the Turks, 11 Sept. 1697. This victory led to the peace of Carlowitz, ratified Jan. 1699. Zetetical Society, established in 1878, to afford opportunities for the unrestricted discussion of a variety of questions, held its fourth session in Oct. 1881. Zetunium. After defeating Samuel, king of Bulgaria, here, 29 July, 1014, the emperor Basil II. blinded his 15,000 prisoners, except one in a hundred, to whom he left one eye. The king died of grief. Zidon, see Sidon. Zinc. The ore of zinc, calamine or spelter, known It is said to have been known in China also, and is noto the Greeks, who used it in the manufacture of brass. ticed by European writers as early as 1231; though the method of extracting it from the ore was unknown for nearly 500 years after. The metal zinc is mentioned by Paracelsus (died 1541). A mine of zinc was discovered on lord Ribblesdale's estate, Craven, Yorkshire, in 1809. Zincography was introduced in London shortly after Ze, Zow, Zieres, for ye, you, and yours. The let-lithography became known in England, in 1817; see Zara, capital of Dalmatia, a Roman colony under Augustus. It revolted from Venice, and was recaptured 18 Nov. 1202; unsuccessfully besieged by the Turks, 1572, 1577; given up to Austria, 1791. |