550 795

1041

• 1424

BOAT-RACES; see Dogget, and University. England at near 1,000,000 of acres. In Jan. 1849, The London rowing club beat the Atalanta rowing Mr. Rees Reece took out a patent for certain club in a four-oared race on the Thames, 10 June, valuable products from Irish peat. Candles and 1872.

various other articles produced from peat have been

since sold in London. Fuel for railway engines and BOCCACIO'S DECAMERONE, a col- other purposes is now made from peat (April, 1873). lection of a hundred stories or novels (many very immoral), severely satirising the clergy, feigned to

BOGUE FORTS, see China, 1841. have been related in ten days, during the plague of BOHEMIA, formerly the Hercynian forest Florence in 1348. Boccacio lived 1313-75. A copy (Boiemum, Tacitus), derives its name from the Boii, of the first edition (that of Valdarfer, in 1471) was a Celtic tribe. It was governed by dukes (Borzivoi knocked down at the duke of Roxburgh's sale, the first, 891), till Ottocar assumed the title of king, to the duke of Marlborough, for 22601., 17 June, 1198. The kings at first held their territory from 1812. This copy was afterwards sold' by public the empire: and the crown was elective till it came auction, for 875 guineas, 5 June, 1819.

to the house of Austria, in which it is now here

ditary. The original Bohemians term themselves BODLEIAN LIBRARY, Oxford, founded Czechs, and, following the example of Hungary, in 1598, and opened in 1602, by sir Thos. Bodley now call for autonomy. Prague, the capital, is (died, 28 Jan. 1612). It is open to the public, and famous for sieges and battles. Population in 1857, claims a copy of all works published in this country. 4,705,525; in 1870, 5,140,544; see Prague. In 1868, it contained about 250,000 volumes For rare works and MSS. it is said to be second only to

The Czechs (Slavonians) seize Bohemia about

ity of Prague founded the Vatican. Mr. Macray's “Annals of the Bodleian Introduction of Christianity

894 library,” published 1868.

Bohemia conquered by the emperor Henry III. who

spreads devastation through the country BEOTIA, a division of Greece, north of Attica, Ottocar (Premislas) I., first king of Bohemia 1198 known previously as Aonia, Messapia, Hyantis, Ottocar II. rules over Austria, and obtains Styria, Ogygia, and Cadmeis. Thebes, the capital, was

&c., 1253 ; refuses the imperial crown

1272 celebrated for the exploits and misfortunes of its

Ottocar vanquished by the emperor Rudolph and

deprived of Austria, Styria, and Carniola, 1277 ; kings and heroes. The term Baotian was used by

killed at Marchfeld

26 Aug. 1278 the Athenians as a synonym for dulness; but un King John (blind), slain at the battle of Crecy

1346 justly, --since Pindar, Hesiod, Plutarch, Democritus, John Huss and Jerome of Prague, two of the first Epaminondas, and Corinna, were Boeotians. The reformers, burnt for heresy ; which occasions an

insurrection early history and dates are mythical ; see Thebes.

1415, 1416

Ziska, leader of the Hussites, takes Prague, 1419"; Arrival of Cadmus, founder of Cadmea (Hales, 1494 ;

dies of the plague Clinton, 1313)

Albert, duke of Austria, marries the daughter of the

B.C. 1493 Reign of Polydore .

late emperor and king, and receives the crowns of Labdachus ascends the throne

Bohemia and Hungary Amphion and Zethus besiege Thebes, and dethrone The succession intringed by Ladislas, son of the Larus

king of Poland, and George Podiebrad, a protes

tant chief Myth of Edipus ; he kills in an affray his father

1440-1458

Latlislas, king of Poland, elected king of Bohemia, Laius: confirming the oracle foretelling his death

on the death of Podiebrad by the hands of his son, 1276; resolves the

1471

The emperor Ferdinand I. marries Anne, sister of Sphinx's enigmas

1266 War of the Seven Captains

Louis the late king, and obtains the crown

1527 Thebes besieged and taken

The emperor Ferdinand II., oppressing the protesThersander reigns 1198 ; slain

tants, is deposed, and Frederic the elector-palaThe Thebans abolish royalty (ages of obscurity

tine, elected king

5 Sept. 1619

Frederie, totally defeated at Prague, filees to follow)

about 1120

Holland The Thebans fight with the Persians against the

9 Nov. 1620

Bohemia secured to Austria by treaty Greeks at Platira

1648 479

Silesia and Glatz ceded to Prussia The Spartans aiding the Thebans defeat the Athenians near Tanagra

Prague taken by the Prussians

1744 Battle of Coronea, in which the Thebans defeat the Prussians defeat Austrians at Prague

Revolt of the peasantry
Athenians
The Thebans, under Epaminondas and Pelopidas,

Edict of Toleration promulgated

1781 enrol their Sacred Band, and join Athens against

The French occupy Prague

1806

Insurrection at Prague, 12 June; submission, state Sparta Epaminondas defeats 'the Lacedaemonians at

of siege raised

20 July, 1848

The Prussians enter Bohemia, which becomes the Leuctra, and restores Thebes to independence

371 Pelopidas killed at the battle of Cynoscephala

seat of war (see Germany, 1866). 364

24 June, 1866

Agitation of the Czechs, who require the emperor Epaminondas gains the victory of Mantinea, but is

to be crowned king of Bohemia with the crown of

362 Philip, king of Macedon, defeats the Thebans and St. Wenceslas at Prague,

autumn, 1867

Riots at Prague ; habeas corpus act suspended, Athenians near Charonea

10 Oct. 1868 Alexander destroys Thebes, but spares the house of

Bohemian agitation for self-government ; addresses Pindar

to the emperor The Baotian confederacy dissolved by the Romans

14 Sept. and 5 Oct. 1870

Manifesto of the emperor Baotia henceforth partook of the fortunes of

14 Sept. 1871

Bohemian deputies absent from the reichsrath, Greece ; and was conquered by the Turks under A.D.

Dec. Mahomet II.

1456

1198. Premislas Ottocar I. BOGOTA, SANTA FÈ DE, capital of New 1230. Wenceslas III. Grenada (which see).

1253. Premislas Ottocar II.

1278. Wenceslas IV., king of Poland. BOGS, probably the remains of forests, covered 1305. Wenceslas V. with peat and loose soil. An act for the drainage

1306. Rudolph of Austria. of Irish bogs, passed March, 1830. The bog-land of 1307. Henry of Carinthia.

1310. John of Luxenburg (killed at Crecy). Ireland has been estimated at 3,000,000 acres; that 1346. Charles I., emperor (1347). of Scotland at upwards of 2,000,000; and that of | 1378. Wenceslas VI. emperor.

• 1459

1430

1437

1388

1225

1213 • 1193

1742

456

6 May, 1757

.

1775

447

.

377

slain

338

335

170

.

9 Dec.

• 1860

• 17 Oct.

1513

554 Fahr.

• 173

212

822

9

pope in

1419. Sigismund I., emperor.

The country declared its independence, 6 Aug. 1824 1438. Albert of Austria, enperor.

Secured by the victory of Ayacucho, 1440. Ladislas V.

Took the name of Bolivia, in honour of general 1458. George von Podiebrad.

Bolivar

11 Aug. 1825 1471. Ladislas VI., king of Hungary (in 1490).

First congress
met

25 May, 1826 1516. Louis, king of Hungary (killed at Mohatz).

Slavery abolished

. 1836 1526. Bohemia united to Austria under Ferdinand I. General Sucre governed ably

1826-8 elected king. See Germany, emperors. Santa Cruz ruled

1828-34 Free-trade proclaimed

1853 BOHEMIAN BRETHREN, a body of General Cordova, president

1855-7 Christians in Bohemia, appear to have separated Succeeded by the dictator José Maria Linares from the Calixtines (which see), a branch of the

31 March, 1859 Hussites in 1467 Dupin says "They rejected the George Cordova, constitutional president sacraments of the church, were governed by simple General Medyarejo defeats the troops of president

May, 1861 laics, and held the scriptures for their only rule of De Acha.

28 Dec. 1864 faith. They presented a confession of faith to king Becomes dictator of the republic

Feb. 1865 Ladislas in 1504 to justify themselves from errors

Puts down an insurrection under Belzu, March, 1865 laid to their charge.” They appear to have had Totally defeats Arguedas at Viucha and publishes

an amnesty communication with the Waldenses, but were dis

24 Jan. 1866 tinct from them. Luther, in 1533, testifies to their Proclaims an amnesty

Suppresses a revolt

21 Dec. 1867 purity of doctrine, and Melanchthon commends The president, A. Morales, 1871 ; said to have been their discipline. They were dispersed during the murdered

Jan. 1873 religious wars of Germany in the 17th century.

BOLLANDISTS, see Acta Sanctorum. BOII, a Celtic people of N. Italy, who emigrated into Italy, and were defeated at the Vadimonian sina, afterwards Bononia, a city distinguished for

BOLOGNA (central Italy) the ancient Fellake, 283*B.C. They were finally subdued by Scipio its architecture, made a Roman colony, 189 B.C. Nasica, 191 B.C. BOILING OF LIQUIDS. Dr. Hooke, about A university said to have been founded by Theo

1116 1863, ascertained that liquids were not increased in

dosius, about 433 : really in

Bologna joins the Lombard League heat after they had once begun to boil, and that a

1167 fierce fire only made them boil more rapidly. The Pope Julius II. takes Bologna; enters in triumph

11 Nov. 1506 following boiling points have been stated :

It becomes part of the states of the Church.

In the church of St. Petronius, remarkable for its Ether 93° Fahr. | Phosphorus

pavement, Cassini drew his meridian line (over Alcohol Oil of turpentine 312

one drawn by Father Ignatius Dante in 1575) 1653 Water Sulphur

Bologna was taken by the French, 1795 ; by the Nitric acid 187 Mercury

662

Austrians, 17 : again by the French, after the Sulphuric acid . 600

battle of Marengo, in 1800 ; and restored to the

1815 BOILING TO DEATH, made a capital a revolt suppressed by Austrian interference . 1831 punishment in England, by stat. 22 Hen. VIII.,

Rebellion, 1848 ; taken by Austrians 16 May, 1849 1531 (repealed in 1547). This act was occasioned The Austrians evacuate Bologna: and cardinal Ferby seventeen persons having been poisoned by retti departs: the citizens rise and form a proRichard Roose, otherwise Coke, the bishop of

visional government.

· 12 June, 1859 Rochester's cook, two of whom died. Margaret

Which decrees that all public acts shall be headed

“ Under the reign of king Victor Emmanuel," &c. Davy, a young woman, suffered in the same manner

1 Oct. for a similar crime, 28 March, 1542. Stow.

He enters Bologna as sovereign

2 May, 1860 BOIS-LE-DUC, Dutch Brabant, the site of a BOMARSUND, a strong fortress on one of the battle between the British and the French repub- | Aland isles in the Baltic sea, taken by sir Charles lican army, in which the British were defeated, and Napier, commander of the Baltic expedition, aided forced to abandon their position and retreat to by the French military contingent under general Schyndel, 14 Sept. 1794. This place was captured Baraguay d'Hilliers, 15 Aug. 1854. The governor by the French, 10 Oct. following; it surrendered Bodisco, and the garrison, about 2000 men, became to the Prussian army, under Bulow, in Jan. 1814. prisoners. The fortifications were destroyed. BOKHARA, the ancient Sogdiana, after suc

BOMBAY, the most westerly and smallest of cessively forming part of the empires of Persia, of Alexander, and Bactriana, was conquered by the

our Indian presidencies, was visited by the PortuTurks in the 6th century, by the Chinese in the 7th, guese in 1509;, and acquired by them in 1530. It and by the Arabs about 705. After various changes money) to Charles II. as the marriage portion of the

was given (with Tangier in Africa, and 300,000l. in of masters it was subdued by the Uzbek Tartars, its

infantá Catherine of Portugal, 1662. In 1668, it present possessors, in 1505. The British envoys,

was granted to the East India company, who had colonel Stoddart and captain Conolly, were murdered at Bokhara, the capital, by the 'khan, about long desired it, in free and common socage," as June, 1843. In the war with Russia, begun in 1866, of 101. Confirmed by William III. 1689. The the emir's army was defeated several times in May,

two principal castes at Bombay are the Parsees Peace was made 11 July, 1867

The Russians were again victors, 25 May, 1868, and (descendants of the ancient Persian fire-worshipoccupied Samarcand the next day. Further con

pers) and the Borahs (sprung from early converts

to Islamism). They are both remarkable for comquests were made by the Russians, and Samarcand

mercial activity. was secured by treaty, Nov. 1868.

First British factory established at Ahmednuggur 1612 BOLIVIA, a republic in South America, for- Mr. Gyfford, deputy-governor, 100 soldiers, and merly part of Peru, population in 1858, 1,987,352. other English, perish through the climate,

Oct. 1675--Feb. 1676 The insurrection of the ill-used Indians, headed by Captain Keigwin usurps the government 1681-84 Tupac Amaru Andres, took place bere. 1780-2 Bombay made chief over the company's settlements 1687

et seq.

are

1837

1858

The whole island, except the fort, seized and held

and marshal, 1850 ; died 24 June, 1860 ; his children for a time by the mogul's admiral.

1600 Bombay becomes a distinct presidency

1708 Mathilde, born 27 May, 1820; married to prince Additions to the Bombay territory :- Bancot river,

A. Demidoff in 1841. 1756 ; island of Salsette

1775 Napoleon, born 9 Sept. 1822 ; married princess CloBishopric established

tilde of Savoy, 30 Jan. 1859: issue, Victor, born Lord Elphinstone governor,

1853 18 July, 1862 ; Louis, born 16 July, 1864; Marie, Population of the presidency, 12,034,483

born 20 Dec. 1866. The benevolent sir Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy, a Parsee (who erected several hospitals, &c.), dies 15 April, 1859

BOND GE, see Villanage. His son sir Cursetjee, visits England

1860 Sir G. R. Clerk, governor

BONES. The art of softening bones was disRioting against the income tax suppressed Nov. and covered about 1688, and they were used in the

Dec. cutlery manufacture, &c., immediately afterwards. Sir Henry Bartle Frere, governor

March, 1862 The declared value of the bones of cattle and of Greatly increased prosperity through the cotton other animals, and of fish (exclusive of whale-fins)

trade, leads to immense speculation. Nov. 1864 imported into the United Kingdom from Russia, Reported failure of Mr. Byramjee Cama, a Parsee, for 3,300,000l. ; other failures, and great depres

Prussia, Holland, Denmark, &c., amounted to sion ; the projected international exhibition in 363,6131. in 1851, and to 628,5351. in 1870. Bone1867 abandoned

May, 1865 dust has been extensively employed in manure Recovering from commercial crisis.

Aug.

since the publication of Liebig's researches in 1840. Mr. (after sir) W. R. Seymour Fitzgerald, appointed governor, Nov. 1866; arrived

28 Feb. 1867 BONE-SETTING cannot be said to have Held a durbar of native princes, at Poona. 6 Oct. 1868

been practised scientifically until 1620. Bell. Grand reception of the duke of Edinburgh, 11 March, 1870 Sir Philip Wodehouse, governor

April, 1872 BONHOMMES, hermits of simple and gentle

lives, appeared in France about 1257; in England BOMBS (iron shells filled with gunpowder), about 1283. The prior of the order was called said to have been invented at Venlo, in 1995, and le bon homme, by Louis VI. used by the Turks at the siege of Rhodes in 1522.

BONN, a town on the Rhine (the Roman Bonna), They came into general use in 1634, having been

was in the electorate of Cologne. It has been previously used only by the Dutch and Spaniards. frequently besieged, and was assigned to Prussia Bomb-vessels were invented in France in 1681, in 1814. "The academy founded by the elector in Voltaire. The shrapnel shell (invented by colonel Henry Shrapnel, who died in 1842) is a bomb filled 1777, made a university, 1784 ; abolished by Napowith balls, and a lighted fuse to make it explode Albert, our late prince consort, was entered as a

leon; re-established and enlarged 1818. Here before it reaches the enemy.

student, May, 1837. BONA, Algeria ; an early station of the French BOOK (Anglo-Saxon, boc; German, buch). African company, till 1789. It was taken by the Books were originally made of boards, or the inner French from the Arabs, 6 May, 1832.

bark of trees: afterwards of skins and parchment.

Papyrus, an indigenous plant, was adopted in BONAPARTE FAMILY. The name ap- Egypt. Books with leaves of vellum were invented pears at Florence and Genoa in the 13th century; by Attalus, king of Pergamus, about 198 B.C., at in the 15th a branch settled in Corsica.

which time books were in volumes or rolls. The

MSS. in Herculaneum consist of papyrus, rolled CHARLES BONAPARTE, born 29 March, 1746, died 24 Feb., and charred and matted together by the fire, and

1785. He married in 1767, Letitia Ramolina (born are about nine inches long, and one, two, or three 24 Aug., 1750, died Feb. 1836); ISSUE,

inches in diameter, each being a separate treatise. 1. Josepu, born 7 Jan. 1768, made king of Two Sicilies, The most ancient books are the Pentateuch of Moses

1805 ; of Naples alone, 1806 ; of Spain, 1808 ; resides in United States, 1815; comes to England, 1832 ;

and the poems of Homer and Hesiod. The first settles in Italy, 1841 ; dies at Florence, 28 July, 1844.

PRINTED Books (see Printing) were printed on one 2. NAPOLEON 1., emperor, born 15 Aug. 1769 (see side only, the leaves being pasted back to back.

France.) 3. Lucien, prince of Canino, born 1775: at first aided

Books of astronomy and geometry were ordered to his brother Napoleon, but opposed his progress towards

be destroyed in England as being infected with universal monarchy. He was taken by the English on

magic, 6 Edw. VI. Stowe.

1552 his way to America, and resided in England till 1814.

Anne's act, 1709, relating to the price of books, He died at Viterbo, 30 June, 1840. His son Charles

repealed

1739

2032 volumes of new works, and 773 of new editions, (born 1803, died 1857) was an eminent naturalist. 4. Louis, born 2 Sept. 1778; made king of Holland, 1806;

were published in London in died 15 July, 1846. By his marriage with Hortense

3359 new works, and 1159 new editions, exclusive of Beauharnais (danghter of the empress Josephine), in

908 pamphlets, were published in

1852 1802, he had three sons : 1. Napoleon Louis (born 1803,

3553 volumes were published in

1864 died 1807); 2. Louis Napoleon (born 1804, died 1831);

in Great Britain, 4575 books and pamphlets were and

published in 1870 ; 3547 new books, and 1288 new 3. CHARLES-LOUIS-NAPOLEON, born 20 April, 1808

editions, in 1871 ; 3419 new books, aud 1100 new educated under the care of his mother at Aremberg,

editions, in

1872 Switzerland, and at Thun, under general Dufour ;

In Paris, 6445 volumes were published in

1842 ;

and took part in the Carbonari insurrection in the Papal

7350 in 1851. See Bibliography. States in March, 1831

PRICES OF Books, -Jerome (who died 420) states that Attempted a revolt at Strasbourg, 30 Oct. 1836.

he had ruined himself by buying a copy of the works of Sent to America, 13 Nov. 1836.

Origen. A large estate was given by Alfred for a book Repairs to London, 14 Oct, 1838.

on cosmography, about 872. The Roman de la Rose was Lands at Boulogne with fifty followers, 6 Aug. 1840. sold for about 30l. ; and a homily was exchanged for Condemned to imprisonment for life, 6 Oct. 1840. 200 sheep and tive quarters of wheat. Books frequently Escapes from Ham, 25 May, 1846.

fetched double or treble their weight in gold. They sold Arrives at Boulogne, 2 March, 1843.

at prices varying from 10. to 40l. each in 1400. A copy Elected deputy, 8 June ; and takes his seat, 27 Aug. ; of Machlin's Bible, ornamented by Mr. Tomkins, was

see France 1848-71: died at Chiselhurst, 9 Jan. 1873. declared worth 500 guineas. Butler. A yet more superb 5. JEROME, born 15 Nov. 1784 : king of Westphalia, copy was insured in a London office for zoooli See

1 Dec. 1807-1814; made governor of the Invalides, 1848; Boccacio's Decamerone.

1839

• IIOO

Book-BINDING. - The book of St. Cuthbert, a very boot” was used in Scotland upon the covenanters

early ornamental book, is supposed to have been about 1666. bound about

650 A Latin Psalter was bound in oak boards, gthi BORAX (Boron), known to the ancients, used

century. | in soldering, brazing, and casting gold and other AMS. copy of the four Evangelists, the book on which our kings from Henry I. to Elward VI.

metals, was called chrysocolla. Borax is produced took their coronation oath, was bound in oaken

naturally in the mountains of Thibet, and was baris, nearly an inch thick

brought to Europe from India about 1713. HomVelvet was the covering in the 14th century : and berg in 1702 discovered in borax boracic acid, which

silk soon after. Vellum was introduced early in latter in 1808 was decomposed by Gay-Lussac, the 15th century; it was stamped and orna- Thénard, and H. Davy, into oxygen and the pre

mented about Leather came into use about the same time.

· 1510 viously unknown element, boron. Borax has lately The rolling machine, invented by Mr. Wm. Burr,

been found in Saxony. It is now largely manuwas substituted for the heating-hainmer, and gas

factured from the boracic acid found by Hæfer to stoves began to take the place of the charcoal

exist in the gas arising from certain lagoons in fires used to heat the gilder's finishing tools, Tuscany; and an immense fortune has been made

about 1830 by their owner M. Lardarel since 1818. Cloth binding superseded the common boards generally about

1831 Caoutchoue or India-rubber backs to account-books

BORDEAUX (W. France), the Roman Bur

digalla, in Aquitania, was taken by the Goths, 412; and large volumes were introduced in .

1841 by Clovis, 508. It was gained by Henry II. on his BOOK-HAWKING SOCIETIES (alreadly in Scotland) marriage with Eleanor of Aquitaine, 1151. Edward

begun in England in 1851 by archdeacon Wigram the Black Prince brought John, king of France, (afterwards bishop of Rochester). The hawkers vend moral and religious books in a similar man

captive to this city after the battle of Poictiers, ner to the French colporteurs.

19 Sept. 1356, and here held his court eleven

years : his son, our Richard II., was born at BorBOOK-KEEPING. The system by double-deaux, 1366. After several changes Bordeaux finally entry, called originally Italian book-keeping, was surrendered to Charles VII. of France, 14 Oct. 1453. taken from the course of algebra published by The fine equestrian statue of Louis XV. was erected Burgo, in the 15th century, at Venice. John in 1743. Bordeaux was entered by the victorious Gowghe, a printer, published a treatise “on the British army after the battle of Orthes, fought kepyng of the famouse reconynge Debitor 27. Feb. 1814.-13 vessels were burnt and others and Creditor,” London, 1543. This is our earliest injured in the port, throngh the ignition and work on book-keeping. James Peele published his explosion of petroleum spirit, 28 Sept. 1869. The Book-keeping in 1569. John Mellis published "A French delegate government and the represenBriefe Instruction and Manner how to Keepe Bookes tatives of foreign powers removed here from Tours, of Accompts," in 1588. Improved systems were 11 Dec. 1870. M. Gambetta remained for a time published by Benjamin Booth in 1789 and by Edw. with the army of the Loire. By the “pacte de Thos. Jones in 1821 and 1831.

Bordeaux," between the different parties of the BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER, see

national assembly, M. Thiers became chief of the Common Prayer.

executive power, 17 Feb. 1871. The French Asso

ciation for the Advancement of Science held its BOOK POST, see Post.

first meeting here, 5 Sept. 1872 ; M. Quatrefages, BOOK OF SPORTS, see Sports.

president. BOOKSELLERS, at first migratory like

BORNEO, an island in the Indian Ocean, the hawkers, became known as stationarii, from their largest in the world except Australia, was dispractice of having booths or stalls at the corners of covered by the Portuguese about 1518. streets and in markets. They were long subject to The Dutch trade here in 1604 ; establish factories, vexatious restrictions, from which they were freed 1609 ; abandon them, 1623 ; re-establish them 1776 in 1758.

Sarawak settled by sir James Brooke ; appointed rajah.

1841 BOOKSELLERS ASSOCIATION. The The pirates of Borneo chastised by the British in chief publishers in London formed themselves into 1813, and by captain Keppel in

March, 1843 an association and fixed the amount of discount to By a treaty with the sultan, through the instrube allowed, 29 Dec. 1829, and for some years re

mentality of sir J. Brooke, the island of Labooan, stricted the retail booksellers from selling copies of

or Labuan (N. W. of Borneo), and its dependen

cies, incorporated with the British empire, and works under the full publishing price. A dispute

formally taken possession of in presence of the arose as to the right of the latter to dispose of books Bornean chiefs

2 Dec. 1846 which had become theirs by purchase, at such less James Brooke, rajah of Sarawak (1846), governor of profit as they might deem sutticiently remunerative.

Labuan and consul-general of Borneo, visits

England and receives many honours . Oct. 1847 The dispute was referred to lord chief justice Camp

1849 bell, at Stratheden House, 14 April, 1852. His

He destroys many of the Bornean pirates

Labuan made a bishopric; the bishop (F. J. Maclordship gave judgment against the association,

Dougall) consecrated at Calcutta, the first English which led to its dissolution, 19 May following. bishop consecrated out of England

18 Oct. 1855

The Chinese in Sarawak rise in insurrection and BOOTHIA FELIX, a largo peninsula, N.W.

massacre a number of Europeans ; sir J. Brooke point of America, diseovered by sir John Ross in

escapes hy swimming across a creek; he speedily 1830, and named after air Felix Booth, who had returns with a force of Malays, &c., and chaspresented him with 20,000l. to fit out his polar

tises the insurgents, of whoin 2000 are killed, expedition. Sir Felix died at Brighton in Feb. 1850.

17, 18 Feb. 1857

He comes to England to seek help from the governBOOTS, said to have been the invention of the ment, without success Carians, were mentioned by Homer, 907 B.C., and

His health being broken up, an appeal for a subfrequently by the Roman historians. " A variety of

scription for him made forms, m.y be seen in Fairholt's Costume in Eng: Deputation of merchants waits on the earl of Derby

recommending the purchase of Sarawak, which land." Ån instrument of torture termed “the is declined

1858

750 B.C.

438 407 348

310

309

80

63

14

A.D.

33 41

Sir J. Brooke returns to Borneo

20 Nov. 1860 from the Cimmeri, who dwelt on its borders, about Returned to England ; died

11 June, 1868 The rajah of Sarawak, with an expedition of Malays

and Dyaks, defeats and punishes a marauding The Archenactidæ from Mitylene rule. B.C. 502-480 decapitating tribe of Dyaks

June, 1870 They are dispossessed by Spartacus I.

Seleucus, 431 ; Satyrus I. BORNOU, an extensive kingdom in central Leucon, 393 : Spartacus II., 353 ; Parysades Africa, explored by Denham and Clapperton (sent Eumelus, aiming to dethrone his brother Satyout by the British government), in 1822. The Prytanis, his next brother, ascends the throne, but population is estimated by Denham at 5,000,000, is murdered by Eumelus by Barth at 9,000,000.

Eumelus puts to death all his relations,

309;

and is killed.

304 BORODINO, a Russian village on the river The Scythians conquer Bosporus

285 Moskwa, near which a sanguinary battle was fought, Mithridates VI., of Pontus, conquers Bosporus . 7 Sept. 1812, between the French under Napoleon, He poisons himself; and the Romans make his son, and the Russians under Kutusoff; 240,000 men

Pharnaces, king being engaged. Each party claimed the victory; Battle of Zela, gained by Julius Casar over Phar

naces II. (Cæsar writes home, Veni, vidi, vici, “I but the Russians retreated, leaving Moscow, which

came, I saw, I conquered ")

47 the French entered, 14 Sept. ; see Moscow.

Asander usurps the crown

Czesar makes Mithridates of Pergamus king BORON, see Borax.

Polemon conquers Bosporus, and favoured by BOROUGH or BURGII, anciently a company

Agrippa, reigns

Polemon killed by barbarians of the Palus Mæotis of ten families living together, now such towns as send members to parliament, since the election of Polemon II. reigns, 33 : Mithridates II. reigns burgesses in the reign of Henry III. 1265. Charters Mithridates conducted a prisoner to Rume, by were granted to towns by Henry I. 1132; which order of Claudius ; Cotys I. king

49 were remodelled by Charles II. in 1682-4, but re A list of kings given by some writers ends with stored in 1688. 22 new English boroughs were

Sauroniates VII.

344 created in 1553. Burgesses were first admitted into

BOSTON, Lincolnshire; a trading town, made the Scottish parliament by Robert Bruce, 1326; and into the Irish, 1365. Acts to amend the Represen, lofty tower, was erected about 1309.

a staple for wool, 1357; St. Botolph's church with a tation of the People in England and Wales passed 7 June, 1832, and 15 Aug. 1867; and the Act for BOSTON, Massachusetts, United States, built the Regulation of Municipal Corporations, 9 Sept. about 1627. Here originated that resistance to the 1835; see Constituency.

British authorities which led to American indeBOROUGH-BRIDGE (W. R. of York). Here pendence. The act of parliament laying duties on Edward II. defeated the earls of Hereford and Lan- tea, papers, colours, &c. (passed June, 1767) so

excited the indignation of the citizens of Boston, caster, 16 March, 1322. Lancaster was mounted on a lean horse, led to an ominence near Pontefract,

that they destroyed several hundreds of chests of and beheaded.

tea, Dec. 1773

Boston seaport shut by the English parliament, BOROUGH-ENGLISH, an ancient tenure until restitution should be made to the East by which the younger son inherits, is mentioned as India Company for the tea lost

25 March, 1774 occurring 834: It was abolished' in Scotland by The town besieged by the Americans, and Malcolm III. in 1062.

400