ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME XI NEW YORK THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY 1910 INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. A. B. R. ALFRED BARTON Rendle, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of Text Book on Fruit. A. E. S. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge University. Gastrotricha. A. G. D. A. H. Sm. A. M.* Director of Public Works and Inspector of Mines, Trinidad. Member of Executive ARTHUR GEORGE DOUGHTY, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.,HIST.S. Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A. Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum. REV. ALLEN MENZIES, D.D. Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism, University of St Andrews. Author See the biographical article, CLERKE, Agnes M. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. See the biographical article, Newton, Alfred. A. M. C. A. N. A. N. B. ALFRED NEAVE BRAYSHAW, LL.B. Author of Bible Notes on the Hebrew Prophets. A. N. W. ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Fellow and Lecturer in Mathematics, Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of Geometry: VI. (in part) and VII. Geodesy (in part). {Gem: IL (in part). Frederick II., Roman J Republican Calendar; Germany: History (in part and Bibliography. 1 A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume. V ADOLPHUS WILLIAM WARD, LITT.D., LL.D. See the biographical article, WARD, A. W. {Garrick, David (in part). Formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of Foundations of Geometry: VI. (in part). A. W. W. B. A. W. R. HON. BERTRAND ARTHUR WILLIAM RUSSELL, M.A., F.R.S. { Franco-German War French Revolutionary Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member Gelasius II. C. MI. C. M. K. C. Pl. C. R. B. C. R. C. C. T.* C. We. C. W. W. D. C. D. F. T. D. H. Editor of The Sphere. Author of Sixty Years of Victorian Literature; Immortal Gaskell, Elizabeth. CHEDOMILLE MIJATOVICH. Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten: Garashanin.. tiary the King Servia to the of St James's, 1895-1900 and 1902-1903. SIR CHARLES MALCOLM KENNEDY, K.C.M.G., C.B. (1831-1908). Head of Commercial Department, Foreign Office, 1872-1893. Lecturer on Inter- Professor of Modern History in the University of Birmingham. Formerly Fellow CLAUDE REGNIER CONDER, LL.D. Galilee (in part); Colonel, Royal Engineers. Formerly in command of Survey of Palestine. Author CECIL WEATHERLY. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. { Gate. SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907). |