this accords better with what we know of Dulles' general attitude toward the whole affair. In one respect only is his report truly prescient, and that is in his prediction of serious trouble for Soviet power in Hungary. The following year saw the outbreak of revolution in Poland and Budapest. The Soviet Union crushed both outbreaks handily, thus preserving and even consolidating its power. So much for the decline and fall of the Soviet empire. Other interesting aspects of the session are confirmation that President Eisenhower's "open skies" proposal, which so captured the imagination of the world, was indeed offered by the President straight "off the cuff"; and evidence that something of a clash of personalities between Dulles and Anthony Eden had already developed, which would become public knowledge during the Suez crisis of 1956 and its aftermath, and have important untoward effects on the western alliance. All-in-all, it is an interesting report, well worth reading for insight into the state of our diplomacy at this stage in the cold war. For the rest, there is the usual lengthy and involved "markup" of the mutual security legislation. I have already had occasion to point out in this series the value of this admittedly rather dry material to an understanding of the legislative process and its impact on our foreign relations in the postwar period. I particularly recommend a close reading of this latest installment in the continuing dispute over executive discretion in the administration of the military assistance program. The selection of materials in this volume represents the Committee staff's best judgment as to what will be of greatest usefulness to historians and other students of our foreign relations. In those cases where it did not seem worthwhile to publish the verbatim transcript, the official minutes have been reproduced. Unpublished transcripts are held at the National Archives where they are available for use by scholars in accordance with the access rules of that agency. As in earlier volumes, the transcripts printed here are published with a minimum of editorial revision. Texts were submitted to the State Department and participating Senators for review and comment, but no changes or deletions of substance were recommended. Subheads, documents immediately useful to a comprehension of the discussions, and a limited number of explanatory notes have been supplied. This volume was prepared for publication by Harry L. Wrenn on temporary assignment with the Committee staff from the Congressional Research Service. JOHN SPARKMAN. CONTENTS Reports on Korea and France. January 19. Testimony of: Wood, C. Tyler, Economic Coordinator, United Nations Command; Dillon, Douglas, Ambassador to France Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty-continued. January 21.. Senate Joint Resolution 28-The Formosa Resolution. January 24. Senate Joint Resolution 28-continued. January 26-- Senate Resolution 55; Mutual Defense Treaty with the Republic of China. Testimony of: Dulles, John Foster, Secretary of State Senate Resolution 116, Favoring the Discussion of the Status of Nations Under Communist Control at the Geneva Conference. June 21- Testimony of: Hoover, Herbert, Acting Secretary of State Senate Concurrent Resolution 22, Relating to the Effects of Nuclear Ex- plosions: Senate Resolution 126, Relating to the Diplomatic Recognition of Certain Communist Governments and Governments-in-Exile: Senate Resolution 127, Favoring Restoration of Self-Government to Enslaved Senate Resolution 126-continued; Senate Resolution 127-continued; House Concurrent Resolution 149, Relating to Self-Government. July 13. Testimony of: McCarthy, Joseph R., United States Senator from Wisconsin, McCormack, John W., Member of the House of Rep- resentatives from Massachusetts. SOUTHEAST ASIA COLLECTIVE DEFENSE TREATY; WESTERN EUROPEAN UNION AGREEMENTS 2 [Editor's note: American-sponsored negotiations to establish a collective defense arrangement for Southeast Asia were pressed forward with greater vigor following the 1954 Geneva Conference, which conceded the northern half of Vietnam to the Communist Viet Minh and seemed to ratify conditions that would permit a rapid takeover of the remaining non-Communist portions of Indochina unless some kind of opposition, even if only of a psychological kind, were quickly mounted. Much in the way of useful preparatory work had already been accomplished, and what remained of summer sufficed to bring matters to a conclusion. The final preparatory meeting was called to order in Manila on September 6, with eight Asian and European powers-the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Thailand-in attendance. The Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or "Manila Pact" as it was called at the time, was signed on September 8. The Treaty was transmitted to the Senate on November 10 and a public hearing was held with Secretary of State Dulles on November 11, but no further action was taken in the Eighty-third Congress. The Treaty was further considered in executive session on January 13, 1955, and in a public hearing on January 19. It was approved in committee on January 21, reported to the Senate on January 25, and approved by the Senate 82 to 1 on February 1. It was ratified and entered into force on February 19. The first conference of the treaty powers was held in Bangkok from February 23 to 25, with Secretary Dulles in attendance. The announced purpose of the meeting was to give flesh to the new Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. Little along that line was accomplished, however.] THURSDAY, JANUARY 13, 1955 UNITED STATES SENATE, COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, Washington, D.C. The committee met, pursuant to call, at 2:10 p.m., in the Foreign Relations Committee room, U.S. Capitol Building, Senator Walter F. George (chairman) presiding. Present: Senators George (chairman), Sparkman, Humphrey, Mansfield, Barkley, Wiley, Smith, Langer, Aiken, Capehart, and Morse. Also present: The Honorable Tom Connally, former U.S. Senator from Texas; Dr. Wilcox, Mr. Marcy, Mr. Holt, and Mr. O'Day, of the committee staff. [The meeting began with a welcome to new members, followed by the adoption of a resolution commending Senator Wiley for his services on the committee. The new chairman, Senator George, then made the following remarks:] The CHAIRMAN. Senator Wiley, I, for the second time, have come to this committee as head of it. Back before World War II, for a few months, I was chairman of this committee and worked in closest harmony with all subsequent chairmen. 1 See appendix, n. 739. See note, p. 419. |