THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA A DICTIONARY OF ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL INFORMATION ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME XI NEW YORK THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY Ref 5 E36 Copyright, in the United States of America, 1910, by The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. INITIALS USED IN VOLUME XI. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED. A. B. R. ALFRED BARTON RENDLE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.L.S. Keeper, Department of Botany, British Museum. Author of Text Book on Fruit. :{ A. E. S. ARTHUR EVERETT SHIPLEY, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Reader in Zoology, Cambridge University. Gastrotricha. A. G. B.* HON. ARCHIBALD GRAEME BELL, M.INST.C.E. A. G. D. A. H. Sm. A. M.* Director of Public Works and Inspector of Mines, Trinidad. Member of Executive ARTHUR George Doughty, C.M.G., M.A., LITT.D., F.R.,HIST.S. Dominion Archivist of Canada. Member of the Geographical Board of Canada. ARTHUR HAMILTON SMITH, M.A., F.S.A. Keeper of the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities in the British Museum. REV. ALLEN MENZIES, D.D. Professor of Divinity and Biblical Criticism, University of St Andrews. Author See the biographical article, CLerke, Agnes M. See the biographical article, Newton, Alfred. A. M. C. A. N. ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S. A. R. C. Author of Bible Notes on the Hebrew Prophets. Fellow and Lecturer in Mathematics, Trinity College, Cambridge. Author of ALEXANDER ROSS CLARKE, C.B., F.R.S. Geology. {Franck, Sebastian; Gallars. Georgetown, British Frontenac et Palluau. Gem: II. (in part). • Free Church of Scotland (in part). {Galileo. Frigate-Bird; Gadwall; {Friends, Society of. Geometry: VI. (in part) and VII. Colonel, Royal Engineers. Royal Medallist, Royal Society, 1887. In charge of {Geodesy (in part). the trigonometrical operations of the Ordnance Survey, 1854-1881. CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D. United States. Geometry: History. Franco-German War French Revolutionary Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member Gelasius II. C. MI. C. M. K. C. PL. C. R. B. C. R. C. C. T.* C. We. C. W. W. D. C. D. F. T. D. H. { { Editor of The Sphere. Author of Sixty Years of Victorian Literature; Immortal Gaskell, Elizabeth. CHEDOMILLE MIJATOVICH. Senator of the Kingdom of Servia. Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten- Garashanin. Head of Commercial Department, Foreign Office, 1872-1893. Lecturer on Inter- CHRISTIAN PFISTER, D.-ÈS.-L. Professor at the Sorbonne, Paris. Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. Author Free Ports. Franks; CHARLES RAYMOND BEAZLEY, M.A., D.LITT., F.R.G.S., F.R.HIST.S. CLAUDE REGNIER CONDER, LL.D. Colonel, Royal Engineers. Formerly in command of Survey of Palestine. Author REV. CHARLES TAYLOR, M.A., D.D., LL.D. (1840-1908). Galilee (in part); Formerly Master of St John's College, Cambridge. Vice-Chancellor, Cambridge Geometrical Continuity. CECIL WEATHERLY. Formerly Scholar of Queen's College, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907). :{ Gate. mission. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General Galilee, Sea of (in part). Director of the National Gas Engine Co., Ltd. Inventor of the Clerk Cycle Gas Gas Engine. DONALD FRANCIS TOVEY. Balliol College, Oxford. Author of Essays in Musical Analysis, comprising The Fugue. DAVID HANNAY. Formerly British Vice-consul at Barcelona. Author of Short History of Royal· French Revolutionary Wars: Naval Operations. |